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| author | hachem <im@hachem.wtf> | 2026-08-19 02:02:20 +0200 |
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| committer | hachem <im@hachem.wtf> | 2026-08-19 02:02:20 +0200 |
| commit | f7e05555fb4ff6d8e51bdb5734db4dab1841d593 (patch) | |
| tree | 353d350b19da7b84ca11e5801d33a921407a963e /docs/mathematical-theory.md | |
| parent | 5c5fc10d8938fd2da1922f01c638d42e70eb1ab1 (diff) | |
[feat]: migrate to slang from glsl
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diff --git a/docs/mathematical-theory.md b/docs/mathematical-theory.md deleted file mode 100644 index 4c73425..0000000 --- a/docs/mathematical-theory.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,169 +0,0 @@ -# Mathematical Theory of Black Hole Geodesics - -### Einstein’s Field Equations - -General Relativity describes gravity not as a force, but as the curvature of spacetime caused by mass and energy. This curvature is captured by **Einstein’s field equations**: - -$$ -G_{\mu\nu} = \frac{8\pi G}{c^4} T_{\mu\nu} -$$ - -Here: - -* $G_{\mu\nu}$ is the **Einstein tensor**, describing spacetime curvature. -* $T_{\mu\nu}$ is the **stress-energy tensor**, representing matter and energy. -* $G$ is Newton’s gravitational constant, and $c$ is the speed of light. - -### Spacetime Metric - -Distances in spacetime are described using the **metric tensor** $g_{\mu\nu}$: - -$$ -ds^2 = g_{\mu\nu} dx^\mu dx^\nu -$$ - -where $ds^2$ is the spacetime interval between two events. - -## Schwarzschild Metric - -For a **spherically symmetric, non-rotating mass** (like a static black hole), the Schwarzschild solution gives the spacetime geometry: - -$$ -ds^2 = -\left(1 - \frac{2GM}{c^2 r}\right) dt^2 + \left(1 - \frac{2GM}{c^2 r}\right)^{-1} dr^2 + r^2 (d\theta^2 + \sin^2\theta \, d\phi^2) -$$ - -* $M$ = mass of the black hole -* $r, \theta, \phi$ = spherical coordinates -* $t$ = time coordinate - -The **Schwarzschild radius** $r_s$ marks the event horizon: - -$$ -r_s = \frac{2GM}{c^2} -$$ - -Inside $r_s$, not even light can escape. - -We often write the metric using the **lapse function** $f(r)$: - -$$ -ds^2 = -f(r) dt^2 + f(r)^{-1} dr^2 + r^2 (d\theta^2 + \sin^2\theta \, d\phi^2), \quad f(r) = 1 - \frac{r_s}{r} -$$ - -## Geodesics: Paths of Free-Falling Particles and Light - -A **geodesic** is the path that a particle follows when moving under gravity alone. For light rays, $ds^2 = 0$ (null geodesics). - -### Lagrangian Formulation - -We can derive the geodesic equations from a Lagrangian: - -$$ -L = \frac{1}{2} g_{\mu\nu} \dot{x}^\mu \dot{x}^\nu, \quad \dot{x}^\mu = \frac{dx^\mu}{d\lambda} -$$ - -where $\lambda$ is an affine parameter along the geodesic. - -### Conserved Quantities - -Because the Schwarzschild metric is **time-independent** and **spherically symmetric**, we have two key conserved quantities: - -1. **Energy** (from time translation symmetry): - -$$ -E = - g_{tt} \frac{dt}{d\lambda} = f(r) \frac{dt}{d\lambda} -$$ - -2. **Angular Momentum** (from rotational symmetry): - -$$ -L = g_{\phi\phi} \frac{d\phi}{d\lambda} = r^2 \sin^2 \theta \frac{d\phi}{d\lambda} -$$ - -### Derivation of the Geodesic Equations - -Geodesics satisfy the **Euler-Lagrange equations**: - -$$ -\frac{d}{d\lambda} \left(\frac{\partial L}{\partial \dot{x}^\mu}\right) - \frac{\partial L}{\partial x^\mu} = 0 -$$ - -#### 1. Radial Motion - -For the Schwarzschild metric: - -$$ -L = \frac{1}{2} \left[-f(r) \dot{t}^2 + f(r)^{-1} \dot{r}^2 + r^2 (\dot{\theta}^2 + \sin^2\theta \, \dot{\phi}^2)\right] -$$ - -The radial Euler-Lagrange equation becomes: - -$$ -\ddot{r} = -\frac{GM}{r^2} (\dot{t})^2 + \frac{GM}{r^2 f(r)} (\dot{r})^2 + r f(r) \left(\dot{\theta}^2 + \sin^2\theta \, \dot{\phi}^2\right) -$$ - -#### 2. Angular Motion - -$$ -\ddot{\theta} = -\frac{2}{r} \dot{r} \dot{\theta} + \sin\theta \cos\theta \, \dot{\phi}^2 -$$ - -$$ -\ddot{\phi} = -\frac{2}{r} \dot{r} \dot{\phi} - 2 \cot\theta \, \dot{\theta} \dot{\phi} -$$ - -Here, $\dot{}$ denotes derivative with respect to $\lambda$. - -These equations fully describe how light or particles move around a Schwarzschild black hole. - -### Numerical Implementation - -In a shader or simulation, we integrate these equations using: - -```glsl -void GeodesicRHS(Ray ray, out vec3 d1, out vec3 d2) -{ - float r = ray.r; - float theta = ray.theta; - float dr = ray.dr; - float dtheta = ray.dtheta; - float dphi = ray.dphi; - float f = 1.0 - SagA_rs / r; - float dt_dL = ray.E / f; - - d1 = vec3(dr, dtheta, dphi); - d2.x = - (SagA_rs / (2.0 * r*r)) * f * dt_dL * dt_dL - + (SagA_rs / (2.0 * r*r * f)) * dr * dr - + r * (dtheta*dtheta + sin(theta)*sin(theta)*dphi*dphi); - d2.y = -2.0*dr*dtheta/r + sin(theta)*cos(theta)*dphi*dphi; - d2.z = -2.0*dr*dphi/r - 2.0*cos(theta)/(sin(theta)) * dtheta * dphi; -} -``` - -### Conserved Quantities in Code - -```glsl -ray.E = f * dt_dL; // Energy -ray.L = ray.r * ray.r * sin(ray.theta) * ray.dphi; // Angular momentum -``` - -### Effective Potential - -The **radial motion** can be described using an effective potential: - -$$ -V_\text{eff}(r) = \left(1 - \frac{r_s}{r}\right) \frac{L^2}{r^2} -$$ - -This potential defines the possible orbits of light or particles. - -### Relativistic Effects Around Black Holes - -* **Gravitational Lensing:** Light bends around the black hole, producing Einstein rings, multiple images, or distorted images. -* **Event Horizon:** Located at $r = r_s$, where nothing escapes. -* **Photon Sphere:** At $r = 1.5 r_s$, light can orbit in unstable circular paths. - -### Numerical Considerations - -* **Event Horizon:** Integration becomes singular at $r = r_s$. Use adaptive step sizes or terminate integration near the horizon. -* **Coordinate Poles:** Spherical coordinates have singularities at $\theta = 0, \pi$. Avoid direct integration through these points or use transformations. |
