[chore]: MASSIVE refactor + more vulkan bs

1 files changed, 1235 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/src/platform/vulkan/vulkan_renderer.cpp b/src/platform/vulkan/vulkan_renderer.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..95a546b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/platform/vulkan/vulkan_renderer.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,1235 @@
+#include "vulkan_renderer.h"
+#include "core/log.h"
+#include "core/camera.h"
+
+#define GLFW_INCLUDE_VULKAN
+#include <GLFW/glfw3.h>
+
+#include <imgui.h>
+#include <imgui_impl_glfw.h>
+#include <imgui_impl_vulkan.h>
+
+#include <glm/glm.hpp>
+#include <glm/gtc/matrix_transform.hpp>
+#include "stb_image.h"
+
+#include <vector>
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <cstring>
+#include <cstdlib>
+#include <fstream>
+
+namespace Donut
+{
+    #define VK_CHECK(expr)                                                     \
+        do {                                                                   \
+            VkResult _r = (expr);                                              \
+            if (_r != VK_SUCCESS) {                                            \
+                DONUT_ERROR("Vulkan: {} failed ({})", #expr, (int)_r);         \
+                return false;                                                  \
+            }                                                                  \
+        } while (0)
+
+    static constexpr int MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT = 2;
+
+    auto vulkan_prepare_glfw() -> void
+    {
+#ifdef __APPLE__
+        if (!getenv("VK_ICD_FILENAMES"))
+            setenv("VK_ICD_FILENAMES", "/opt/homebrew/etc/vulkan/icd.d/MoltenVK_icd.json", 0);
+        if (!getenv("VK_LAYER_PATH"))
+            setenv("VK_LAYER_PATH", "/opt/homebrew/share/vulkan/explicit_layer.d", 0);
+        if (!getenv("DYLD_LIBRARY_PATH"))
+            setenv("DYLD_LIBRARY_PATH", "/opt/homebrew/lib", 0);
+#endif
+        // GLFW dlopen's the Vulkan loader by bare name, which fails on
+        // mac_os/Homebrew; hand it the loader entry point we already link against.
+        glfwInitVulkanLoader(vkGetInstanceProcAddr);
+    }
+
+    struct VulkanRenderer::Impl
+    {
+        GLFWwindow* window = nullptr;
+        int width = 0, height = 0;
+        bool framebuffer_resized = false;
+
+        VkInstance       instance = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
+        VkSurfaceKHR     surface  = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
+        VkPhysicalDevice physical = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
+        VkDevice         device   = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
+        uint32_t         graphics_family = 0, present_family = 0;
+        VkQueue          graphics_queue = VK_NULL_HANDLE, present_queue = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
+
+        VkSwapchainKHR   swapchain = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
+        VkFormat         swapchain_format = VK_FORMAT_B8G8R8A8_UNORM;
+        VkExtent2D       swapchain_extent{};
+        std::vector<VkImage>       images;
+        std::vector<VkImageView>   image_views;
+        VkRenderPass               render_pass = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
+        std::vector<VkFramebuffer> framebuffers;
+
+        VkCommandPool                command_pool = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
+        std::vector<VkCommandBuffer> command_buffers;   // MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT
+
+        std::vector<VkSemaphore> image_available;        // per frame in flight
+        std::vector<VkSemaphore> render_finished;        // per swapchain image
+        std::vector<VkFence>     in_flight;              // per frame in flight
+        std::vector<VkFence>     images_in_flight;        // per swapchain image
+        uint32_t current_frame = 0;
+
+        VkDescriptorPool imgui_pool = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
+        bool imgui_init = false;
+
+        VkPhysicalDeviceMemoryProperties mem_props{};
+
+        // Geodesic scene, rendered every frame into a fixed low-resolution
+        // offscreen image (keeps each draw well under the Metal GPU watchdog),
+        // then upscaled onto the swapchain by the present pass below.
+        static constexpr uint32_t GEO_W = 480, GEO_H = 270;
+        VkImage       geo_image     = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
+        VkDeviceMemory geo_image_mem = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
+        VkImageView   geo_image_view = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
+        VkRenderPass  geo_render_pass = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
+        VkFramebuffer geo_framebuffer = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
+        VkBuffer cam_buf = VK_NULL_HANDLE, disk_buf = VK_NULL_HANDLE, obj_buf = VK_NULL_HANDLE, sim_buf = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
+        VkDeviceMemory cam_mem = VK_NULL_HANDLE, disk_mem = VK_NULL_HANDLE, obj_mem = VK_NULL_HANDLE, sim_mem = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
+        void* cam_mapped = nullptr;
+        void* sim_mapped = nullptr;
+        Camera camera{ 60.0f, (float)GEO_W / (float)GEO_H, 0.1f, 100.0f };
+        bool left_was_down = false;
+        VkImage cube_image = VK_NULL_HANDLE; VkDeviceMemory cube_mem = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
+        VkImageView cube_view = VK_NULL_HANDLE; VkSampler cube_sampler = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
+        VkDescriptorSetLayout geo_set_layout = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
+        VkDescriptorPool geo_pool = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
+        VkDescriptorSet geo_set = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
+        VkPipelineLayout geo_pipeline_layout = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
+        VkPipeline geo_pipeline = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
+        VkBuffer quad_vb = VK_NULL_HANDLE; VkDeviceMemory quad_vb_mem = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
+        double start_time = 0.0;
+        VkFence geo_in_use = VK_NULL_HANDLE;  // previous frame's fence; guards the shared geodesic image
+
+        // Present pass: samples the geodesic image with a full-screen textured
+        // quad, drawn into the swapchain render pass just before the ImGui UI.
+        VkSampler present_sampler = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
+        VkDescriptorSetLayout present_set_layout = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
+        VkDescriptorPool present_pool = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
+        VkDescriptorSet present_set = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
+        VkPipelineLayout present_pipeline_layout = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
+        VkPipeline present_pipeline = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
+
+        auto find_memory_type(uint32_t type_filter, VkMemoryPropertyFlags flags) const -> uint32_t;
+        auto create_buffer(VkDeviceSize size, VkBufferUsageFlags usage, VkMemoryPropertyFlags props, VkBuffer& buf, VkDeviceMemory& mem) const -> bool;
+        static auto load_spirv(const std::string& path) -> std::vector<uint32_t>;
+        auto create_shader_module(const std::string& path, VkShaderModule& out) const -> bool;
+
+        auto create_instance() -> bool;
+        auto pick_physical_and_device() -> bool;
+        auto create_swapchain() -> bool;
+        auto create_image_views() -> bool;
+        auto create_render_pass() -> bool;
+        auto create_framebuffers() -> bool;
+        auto create_command_buffers() -> bool;
+        auto create_sync_objects() -> bool;
+        auto create_geodesic_resources() -> bool;
+        auto create_hdri_cubemap(const char* path) -> bool;
+        auto create_present_resources() -> bool;
+        auto process_input() -> void;
+        auto update_geodesic_uniforms() -> void;
+        auto destroy_geodesic_resources() -> void;
+        auto recreate_swapchain() -> bool;
+        auto cleanup_swapchain() -> void;
+        auto record_command_buffer(VkCommandBuffer cmd, uint32_t image_index, const glm::vec4& clear, ImDrawData* draw_data) -> bool;
+    };
+
+    auto VulkanRenderer::Impl::create_instance() -> bool
+    {
+#ifdef __APPLE__
+        if (!getenv("VK_ICD_FILENAMES"))
+            setenv("VK_ICD_FILENAMES", "/opt/homebrew/etc/vulkan/icd.d/MoltenVK_icd.json", 0);
+        if (!getenv("VK_LAYER_PATH"))
+            setenv("VK_LAYER_PATH", "/opt/homebrew/share/vulkan/explicit_layer.d", 0);
+        // The Homebrew validation-layer manifest names the dylib without a path;
+        // let dlopen find it in the Homebrew lib dir.
+        if (!getenv("DYLD_LIBRARY_PATH"))
+            setenv("DYLD_LIBRARY_PATH", "/opt/homebrew/lib", 0);
+#endif
+        VkApplicationInfo app{ VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_APPLICATION_INFO };
+        app.pApplicationName = "Donut";
+        app.apiVersion       = VK_API_VERSION_1_2;
+
+        uint32_t glfwExtCount = 0;
+        const char** glfwExts = glfwGetRequiredInstanceExtensions(&glfwExtCount);
+        if (!glfwExts) { DONUT_ERROR("Vulkan: GLFW reports no surface support"); return false; }
+        std::vector<const char*> exts;
+        for (uint32_t i = 0; i < glfwExtCount; ++i) exts.push_back(glfwExts[i]);
+        exts.push_back(VK_KHR_PORTABILITY_ENUMERATION_EXTENSION_NAME);
+        exts.push_back(VK_KHR_GET_PHYSICAL_DEVICE_PROPERTIES_2_EXTENSION_NAME);
+
+        std::vector<const char*> layers;
+        uint32_t layer_count = 0;
+        vkEnumerateInstanceLayerProperties(&layer_count, nullptr);
+        std::vector<VkLayerProperties> avail(layer_count);
+        vkEnumerateInstanceLayerProperties(&layer_count, avail.data());
+        for (const auto& l : avail)
+            if (std::strcmp(l.layerName, "VK_LAYER_KHRONOS_validation") == 0)
+                layers.push_back("VK_LAYER_KHRONOS_validation");
+
+        VkInstanceCreateInfo ici{ VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_INSTANCE_CREATE_INFO };
+        ici.flags                   = VK_INSTANCE_CREATE_ENUMERATE_PORTABILITY_BIT_KHR;
+        ici.pApplicationInfo        = &app;
+        ici.enabledExtensionCount   = (uint32_t)exts.size();
+        ici.ppEnabledExtensionNames = exts.data();
+        ici.enabledLayerCount       = (uint32_t)layers.size();
+        ici.ppEnabledLayerNames     = layers.data();
+
+        VkResult r = vkCreateInstance(&ici, nullptr, &instance);
+        if (r != VK_SUCCESS && !layers.empty())
+        {
+            // The validation layer failed to load (its dylib isn't on the loader
+            // search path); it is optional, so retry without it.
+            DONUT_WARN("Vulkan: validation layer unavailable, continuing without it");
+            layers.clear();
+            ici.enabledLayerCount = 0;
+            ici.ppEnabledLayerNames = nullptr;
+            r = vkCreateInstance(&ici, nullptr, &instance);
+        }
+        if (r != VK_SUCCESS) { DONUT_ERROR("Vulkan: vkCreateInstance failed ({})", (int)r); return false; }
+
+        VK_CHECK(glfwCreateWindowSurface(instance, window, nullptr, &surface));
+        DONUT_INFO("Vulkan: instance + surface created (validation {})", layers.empty() ? "off" : "on");
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    auto VulkanRenderer::Impl::pick_physical_and_device() -> bool
+    {
+        uint32_t count = 0;
+        vkEnumeratePhysicalDevices(instance, &count, nullptr);
+        if (count == 0) { DONUT_ERROR("Vulkan: no physical devices"); return false; }
+        std::vector<VkPhysicalDevice> devices(count);
+        vkEnumeratePhysicalDevices(instance, &count, devices.data());
+        physical = devices[0];
+
+        uint32_t q_count = 0;
+        vkGetPhysicalDeviceQueueFamilyProperties(physical, &q_count, nullptr);
+        std::vector<VkQueueFamilyProperties> qfams(q_count);
+        vkGetPhysicalDeviceQueueFamilyProperties(physical, &q_count, qfams.data());
+        bool found_g = false, found_p = false;
+        for (uint32_t i = 0; i < q_count; ++i)
+        {
+            if (!found_g && (qfams[i].queueFlags & VK_QUEUE_GRAPHICS_BIT)) { graphics_family = i; found_g = true; }
+            VkBool32 present = VK_FALSE;
+            vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceSupportKHR(physical, i, surface, &present);
+            if (!found_p && present) { present_family = i; found_p = true; }
+        }
+        if (!found_g || !found_p) { DONUT_ERROR("Vulkan: no graphics/present queue"); return false; }
+
+        std::vector<const char*> dev_exts = { VK_KHR_SWAPCHAIN_EXTENSION_NAME };
+        uint32_t dev_ext_count = 0;
+        vkEnumerateDeviceExtensionProperties(physical, nullptr, &dev_ext_count, nullptr);
+        std::vector<VkExtensionProperties> dev_ext_props(dev_ext_count);
+        vkEnumerateDeviceExtensionProperties(physical, nullptr, &dev_ext_count, dev_ext_props.data());
+        for (const auto& e : dev_ext_props)
+            if (std::strcmp(e.extensionName, "VK_KHR_portability_subset") == 0)
+                dev_exts.push_back("VK_KHR_portability_subset");
+
+        float priority = 1.0f;
+        std::vector<VkDeviceQueueCreateInfo> qcis;
+        uint32_t families[2] = { graphics_family, present_family };
+        for (uint32_t i = 0; i < (graphics_family == present_family ? 1u : 2u); ++i)
+        {
+            VkDeviceQueueCreateInfo qci{ VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DEVICE_QUEUE_CREATE_INFO };
+            qci.queueFamilyIndex = families[i];
+            qci.queueCount = 1;
+            qci.pQueuePriorities = &priority;
+            qcis.push_back(qci);
+        }
+        VkDeviceCreateInfo dci{ VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DEVICE_CREATE_INFO };
+        dci.queueCreateInfoCount    = (uint32_t)qcis.size();
+        dci.pQueueCreateInfos       = qcis.data();
+        dci.enabledExtensionCount   = (uint32_t)dev_exts.size();
+        dci.ppEnabledExtensionNames = dev_exts.data();
+        VK_CHECK(vkCreateDevice(physical, &dci, nullptr, &device));
+        vkGetDeviceQueue(device, graphics_family, 0, &graphics_queue);
+        vkGetDeviceQueue(device, present_family, 0, &present_queue);
+
+        VkPhysicalDeviceProperties props{};
+        vkGetPhysicalDeviceProperties(physical, &props);
+        vkGetPhysicalDeviceMemoryProperties(physical, &mem_props);
+        DONUT_INFO("Vulkan device: {}", props.deviceName);
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    auto VulkanRenderer::Impl::create_swapchain() -> bool
+    {
+        VkSurfaceCapabilitiesKHR caps{};
+        vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceCapabilitiesKHR(physical, surface, &caps);
+
+        uint32_t fmt_count = 0;
+        vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceFormatsKHR(physical, surface, &fmt_count, nullptr);
+        std::vector<VkSurfaceFormatKHR> formats(fmt_count);
+        vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceFormatsKHR(physical, surface, &fmt_count, formats.data());
+        VkSurfaceFormatKHR chosen = formats[0];
+        for (const auto& f : formats)
+            if (f.format == VK_FORMAT_B8G8R8A8_UNORM && f.colorSpace == VK_COLOR_SPACE_SRGB_NONLINEAR_KHR)
+                chosen = f;
+        swapchain_format = chosen.format;
+
+        if (caps.currentExtent.width != UINT32_MAX)
+            swapchain_extent = caps.currentExtent;
+        else
+        {
+            swapchain_extent.width  = std::clamp((uint32_t)width,  caps.minImageExtent.width,  caps.maxImageExtent.width);
+            swapchain_extent.height = std::clamp((uint32_t)height, caps.minImageExtent.height, caps.maxImageExtent.height);
+        }
+
+        uint32_t image_count = caps.minImageCount + 1;
+        if (caps.maxImageCount > 0 && image_count > caps.maxImageCount)
+            image_count = caps.maxImageCount;
+
+        VkSwapchainCreateInfoKHR sci{ VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SWAPCHAIN_CREATE_INFO_KHR };
+        sci.surface          = surface;
+        sci.minImageCount    = image_count;
+        sci.imageFormat      = chosen.format;
+        sci.imageColorSpace  = chosen.colorSpace;
+        sci.imageExtent      = swapchain_extent;
+        sci.imageArrayLayers = 1;
+        sci.imageUsage       = VK_IMAGE_USAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_BIT;
+        sci.preTransform     = caps.currentTransform;
+        sci.compositeAlpha   = VK_COMPOSITE_ALPHA_OPAQUE_BIT_KHR;
+        sci.presentMode      = VK_PRESENT_MODE_FIFO_KHR;   // always supported, vsync
+        sci.clipped          = VK_TRUE;
+
+        uint32_t fam_idx[2] = { graphics_family, present_family };
+        if (graphics_family != present_family)
+        {
+            sci.imageSharingMode      = VK_SHARING_MODE_CONCURRENT;
+            sci.queueFamilyIndexCount = 2;
+            sci.pQueueFamilyIndices   = fam_idx;
+        }
+        else
+            sci.imageSharingMode = VK_SHARING_MODE_EXCLUSIVE;
+
+        VK_CHECK(vkCreateSwapchainKHR(device, &sci, nullptr, &swapchain));
+        uint32_t n = 0;
+        vkGetSwapchainImagesKHR(device, swapchain, &n, nullptr);
+        images.resize(n);
+        vkGetSwapchainImagesKHR(device, swapchain, &n, images.data());
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    auto VulkanRenderer::Impl::create_image_views() -> bool
+    {
+        image_views.resize(images.size());
+        for (size_t i = 0; i < images.size(); ++i)
+        {
+            VkImageViewCreateInfo vci{ VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_VIEW_CREATE_INFO };
+            vci.image = images[i];
+            vci.viewType = VK_IMAGE_VIEW_TYPE_2D;
+            vci.format = swapchain_format;
+            vci.subresourceRange = { VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT, 0, 1, 0, 1 };
+            VK_CHECK(vkCreateImageView(device, &vci, nullptr, &image_views[i]));
+        }
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    auto VulkanRenderer::Impl::create_render_pass() -> bool
+    {
+        VkAttachmentDescription color{};
+        color.format = swapchain_format;
+        color.samples = VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_1_BIT;
+        color.loadOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_LOAD_OP_CLEAR;
+        color.storeOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_STORE_OP_STORE;
+        color.stencilLoadOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_LOAD_OP_DONT_CARE;
+        color.stencilStoreOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_STORE_OP_DONT_CARE;
+        color.initialLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED;
+        color.finalLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_PRESENT_SRC_KHR;
+
+        VkAttachmentReference ref{ 0, VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL };
+        VkSubpassDescription subpass{};
+        subpass.pipelineBindPoint = VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_GRAPHICS;
+        subpass.colorAttachmentCount = 1;
+        subpass.pColorAttachments = &ref;
+
+        VkSubpassDependency dep{};
+        dep.srcSubpass = VK_SUBPASS_EXTERNAL;
+        dep.dstSubpass = 0;
+        dep.srcStageMask = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OUTPUT_BIT;
+        dep.dstStageMask = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OUTPUT_BIT;
+        dep.dstAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_WRITE_BIT;
+
+        VkRenderPassCreateInfo rpci{ VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_RENDER_PASS_CREATE_INFO };
+        rpci.attachmentCount = 1; rpci.pAttachments = &color;
+        rpci.subpassCount = 1; rpci.pSubpasses = &subpass;
+        rpci.dependencyCount = 1; rpci.pDependencies = &dep;
+        VK_CHECK(vkCreateRenderPass(device, &rpci, nullptr, &render_pass));
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    auto VulkanRenderer::Impl::create_framebuffers() -> bool
+    {
+        framebuffers.resize(image_views.size());
+        for (size_t i = 0; i < image_views.size(); ++i)
+        {
+            VkFramebufferCreateInfo fbci{ VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_FRAMEBUFFER_CREATE_INFO };
+            fbci.renderPass = render_pass;
+            fbci.attachmentCount = 1; fbci.pAttachments = &image_views[i];
+            fbci.width = swapchain_extent.width; fbci.height = swapchain_extent.height; fbci.layers = 1;
+            VK_CHECK(vkCreateFramebuffer(device, &fbci, nullptr, &framebuffers[i]));
+        }
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    auto VulkanRenderer::Impl::create_command_buffers() -> bool
+    {
+        VkCommandPoolCreateInfo pci{ VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_COMMAND_POOL_CREATE_INFO };
+        pci.flags = VK_COMMAND_POOL_CREATE_RESET_COMMAND_BUFFER_BIT;
+        pci.queueFamilyIndex = graphics_family;
+        VK_CHECK(vkCreateCommandPool(device, &pci, nullptr, &command_pool));
+
+        command_buffers.resize(MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT);
+        VkCommandBufferAllocateInfo cbai{ VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_COMMAND_BUFFER_ALLOCATE_INFO };
+        cbai.commandPool = command_pool;
+        cbai.level = VK_COMMAND_BUFFER_LEVEL_PRIMARY;
+        cbai.commandBufferCount = MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT;
+        VK_CHECK(vkAllocateCommandBuffers(device, &cbai, command_buffers.data()));
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    auto VulkanRenderer::Impl::create_sync_objects() -> bool
+    {
+        image_available.resize(MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT);
+        in_flight.resize(MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT);
+        render_finished.resize(images.size());
+        images_in_flight.assign(images.size(), VK_NULL_HANDLE);
+
+        VkSemaphoreCreateInfo sci{ VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SEMAPHORE_CREATE_INFO };
+        VkFenceCreateInfo fci{ VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_FENCE_CREATE_INFO };
+        fci.flags = VK_FENCE_CREATE_SIGNALED_BIT;
+        for (int i = 0; i < MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT; ++i)
+        {
+            VK_CHECK(vkCreateSemaphore(device, &sci, nullptr, &image_available[i]));
+            VK_CHECK(vkCreateFence(device, &fci, nullptr, &in_flight[i]));
+        }
+        for (size_t i = 0; i < images.size(); ++i)
+            VK_CHECK(vkCreateSemaphore(device, &sci, nullptr, &render_finished[i]));
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    auto VulkanRenderer::Impl::find_memory_type(uint32_t type_filter, VkMemoryPropertyFlags flags) const -> uint32_t
+    {
+        for (uint32_t i = 0; i < mem_props.memoryTypeCount; ++i)
+            if ((type_filter & (1u << i)) && (mem_props.memoryTypes[i].propertyFlags & flags) == flags)
+                return i;
+        return UINT32_MAX;
+    }
+
+    auto VulkanRenderer::Impl::create_buffer(VkDeviceSize size, VkBufferUsageFlags usage, VkMemoryPropertyFlags props,
+                                            VkBuffer& buf, VkDeviceMemory& mem) const -> bool
+    {
+        VkBufferCreateInfo bci{ VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_BUFFER_CREATE_INFO };
+        bci.size = size; bci.usage = usage; bci.sharingMode = VK_SHARING_MODE_EXCLUSIVE;
+        if (vkCreateBuffer(device, &bci, nullptr, &buf) != VK_SUCCESS) return false;
+        VkMemoryRequirements req{}; vkGetBufferMemoryRequirements(device, buf, &req);
+        VkMemoryAllocateInfo ai{ VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_MEMORY_ALLOCATE_INFO };
+        ai.allocationSize = req.size;
+        ai.memoryTypeIndex = find_memory_type(req.memoryTypeBits, props);
+        if (vkAllocateMemory(device, &ai, nullptr, &mem) != VK_SUCCESS) return false;
+        vkBindBufferMemory(device, buf, mem, 0);
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    auto VulkanRenderer::Impl::load_spirv(const std::string& path) -> std::vector<uint32_t>
+    {
+        std::ifstream file(path, std::ios::ate | std::ios::binary);
+        if (!file.is_open()) return {};
+        size_t size = (size_t)file.tellg();
+        std::vector<uint32_t> data(size / 4);
+        file.seekg(0);
+        file.read(reinterpret_cast<char*>(data.data()), size);
+        return data;
+    }
+
+    auto VulkanRenderer::Impl::create_shader_module(const std::string& path, VkShaderModule& out) const -> bool
+    {
+        auto spv = load_spirv(path);
+        if (spv.empty()) { DONUT_ERROR("Vulkan: failed to load SPIR-V {}", path); return false; }
+        VkShaderModuleCreateInfo ci{ VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SHADER_MODULE_CREATE_INFO };
+        ci.codeSize = spv.size() * 4; ci.pCode = spv.data();
+        return vkCreateShaderModule(device, &ci, nullptr, &out) == VK_SUCCESS;
+    }
+
+    auto VulkanRenderer::Impl::create_geodesic_resources() -> bool
+    {
+        const VkFormat fmt = VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_UNORM;
+        const VkMemoryPropertyFlags host_vis = VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_VISIBLE_BIT | VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_COHERENT_BIT;
+        const float SagA_rs = 1.269e10f;
+
+        VkImageCreateInfo ici{ VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_CREATE_INFO };
+        ici.imageType = VK_IMAGE_TYPE_2D; ici.format = fmt; ici.extent = { GEO_W, GEO_H, 1 };
+        ici.mipLevels = 1; ici.arrayLayers = 1; ici.samples = VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_1_BIT;
+        ici.tiling = VK_IMAGE_TILING_OPTIMAL;
+        ici.usage = VK_IMAGE_USAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_BIT | VK_IMAGE_USAGE_SAMPLED_BIT;
+        VK_CHECK(vkCreateImage(device, &ici, nullptr, &geo_image));
+        VkMemoryRequirements im_req{}; vkGetImageMemoryRequirements(device, geo_image, &im_req);
+        VkMemoryAllocateInfo im_alloc{ VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_MEMORY_ALLOCATE_INFO };
+        im_alloc.allocationSize = im_req.size;
+        im_alloc.memoryTypeIndex = find_memory_type(im_req.memoryTypeBits, VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_DEVICE_LOCAL_BIT);
+        VK_CHECK(vkAllocateMemory(device, &im_alloc, nullptr, &geo_image_mem));
+        VK_CHECK(vkBindImageMemory(device, geo_image, geo_image_mem, 0));
+        VkImageViewCreateInfo vci{ VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_VIEW_CREATE_INFO };
+        vci.image = geo_image; vci.viewType = VK_IMAGE_VIEW_TYPE_2D; vci.format = fmt;
+        vci.subresourceRange = { VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT, 0, 1, 0, 1 };
+        VK_CHECK(vkCreateImageView(device, &vci, nullptr, &geo_image_view));
+
+        VkAttachmentDescription color{};
+        color.format = fmt; color.samples = VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_1_BIT;
+        color.loadOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_LOAD_OP_CLEAR; color.storeOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_STORE_OP_STORE;
+        color.stencilLoadOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_LOAD_OP_DONT_CARE; color.stencilStoreOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_STORE_OP_DONT_CARE;
+        color.initialLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED; color.finalLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_SHADER_READ_ONLY_OPTIMAL;
+        VkAttachmentReference ref{ 0, VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL };
+        VkSubpassDescription subpass{}; subpass.pipelineBindPoint = VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_GRAPHICS;
+        subpass.colorAttachmentCount = 1; subpass.pColorAttachments = &ref;
+        VkSubpassDependency deps[2]{};
+        deps[0].srcSubpass = VK_SUBPASS_EXTERNAL; deps[0].dstSubpass = 0;
+        deps[0].srcStageMask = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_FRAGMENT_SHADER_BIT; deps[0].srcAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_SHADER_READ_BIT;
+        deps[0].dstStageMask = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OUTPUT_BIT; deps[0].dstAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_WRITE_BIT;
+        deps[1].srcSubpass = 0; deps[1].dstSubpass = VK_SUBPASS_EXTERNAL;
+        deps[1].srcStageMask = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OUTPUT_BIT; deps[1].srcAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_WRITE_BIT;
+        deps[1].dstStageMask = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_FRAGMENT_SHADER_BIT; deps[1].dstAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_SHADER_READ_BIT;
+        VkRenderPassCreateInfo rpci{ VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_RENDER_PASS_CREATE_INFO };
+        rpci.attachmentCount = 1; rpci.pAttachments = &color;
+        rpci.subpassCount = 1; rpci.pSubpasses = &subpass;
+        rpci.dependencyCount = 2; rpci.pDependencies = deps;
+        VK_CHECK(vkCreateRenderPass(device, &rpci, nullptr, &geo_render_pass));
+        VkFramebufferCreateInfo fbci{ VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_FRAMEBUFFER_CREATE_INFO };
+        fbci.renderPass = geo_render_pass; fbci.attachmentCount = 1; fbci.pAttachments = &geo_image_view;
+        fbci.width = GEO_W; fbci.height = GEO_H; fbci.layers = 1;
+        VK_CHECK(vkCreateFramebuffer(device, &fbci, nullptr, &geo_framebuffer));
+
+        create_buffer(128, VK_BUFFER_USAGE_UNIFORM_BUFFER_BIT, host_vis, cam_buf, cam_mem);
+        create_buffer(32,  VK_BUFFER_USAGE_UNIFORM_BUFFER_BIT, host_vis, disk_buf, disk_mem);
+        create_buffer(800, VK_BUFFER_USAGE_UNIFORM_BUFFER_BIT, host_vis, obj_buf, obj_mem);
+        create_buffer(16,  VK_BUFFER_USAGE_UNIFORM_BUFFER_BIT, host_vis, sim_buf, sim_mem);
+
+        camera.set_camera_mode(CameraMode::Orbital);
+        camera.set_orbital_target(glm::vec3(0.0f));
+        camera.set_orbital_radius(1e11);
+        camera.set_orbital_limits(4e10, 3e11);
+        camera.set_orbital_speed(0.01f);
+        camera.set_zoom_speed(1e10);
+        camera.set_azimuth(0.0f);
+        camera.set_elevation(1.25f);
+
+        void* p = nullptr;
+        vkMapMemory(device, cam_mem, 0, 128, 0, &cam_mapped);  // camera UBO is refilled every frame
+
+        float disk_data[8] = { SagA_rs * 2.2f, SagA_rs * 5.2f, 2.0f, SagA_rs * 0.1f, 0.1f, 0, 0, 0 };
+        vkMapMemory(device, disk_mem, 0, 32, 0, &p); memcpy(p, disk_data, sizeof(disk_data)); vkUnmapMemory(device, disk_mem);
+
+        std::vector<uint8_t> obj_data(800, 0);
+        int num_objects = 1; memcpy(obj_data.data(), &num_objects, 4);
+        float pos_radius[4] = { 0, 0, 0, SagA_rs }; memcpy(obj_data.data() + 16, pos_radius, 16);
+        float obj_color[4] = { 0, 0, 0, 1 };        memcpy(obj_data.data() + 272, obj_color, 16);
+        vkMapMemory(device, obj_mem, 0, 800, 0, &p); memcpy(p, obj_data.data(), 800); vkUnmapMemory(device, obj_mem);
+
+        vkMapMemory(device, sim_mem, 0, 16, 0, &sim_mapped);
+
+        if (!create_hdri_cubemap("assets/hdri/HDR_blue_nebulae-1.hdr")) return false;
+
+        VkDescriptorSetLayoutBinding binds[5]{};
+        for (int i = 0; i < 4; ++i) { binds[i].binding = i; binds[i].descriptorType = VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_UNIFORM_BUFFER; binds[i].descriptorCount = 1; binds[i].stageFlags = VK_SHADER_STAGE_FRAGMENT_BIT; }
+        binds[4].binding = 4; binds[4].descriptorType = VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_COMBINED_IMAGE_SAMPLER; binds[4].descriptorCount = 1; binds[4].stageFlags = VK_SHADER_STAGE_FRAGMENT_BIT;
+        VkDescriptorSetLayoutCreateInfo dslci{ VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DESCRIPTOR_SET_LAYOUT_CREATE_INFO };
+        dslci.bindingCount = 5; dslci.pBindings = binds;
+        VK_CHECK(vkCreateDescriptorSetLayout(device, &dslci, nullptr, &geo_set_layout));
+        VkDescriptorPoolSize psizes[2] = { { VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_UNIFORM_BUFFER, 4 }, { VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_COMBINED_IMAGE_SAMPLER, 1 } };
+        VkDescriptorPoolCreateInfo dpci{ VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DESCRIPTOR_POOL_CREATE_INFO };
+        dpci.maxSets = 1; dpci.poolSizeCount = 2; dpci.pPoolSizes = psizes;
+        VK_CHECK(vkCreateDescriptorPool(device, &dpci, nullptr, &geo_pool));
+        VkDescriptorSetAllocateInfo dsai{ VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DESCRIPTOR_SET_ALLOCATE_INFO };
+        dsai.descriptorPool = geo_pool; dsai.descriptorSetCount = 1; dsai.pSetLayouts = &geo_set_layout;
+        VK_CHECK(vkAllocateDescriptorSets(device, &dsai, &geo_set));
+        VkDescriptorBufferInfo bi[4] = { { cam_buf, 0, VK_WHOLE_SIZE }, { disk_buf, 0, VK_WHOLE_SIZE }, { obj_buf, 0, VK_WHOLE_SIZE }, { sim_buf, 0, VK_WHOLE_SIZE } };
+        VkDescriptorImageInfo cube_info{ cube_sampler, cube_view, VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_SHADER_READ_ONLY_OPTIMAL };
+        VkWriteDescriptorSet writes[5]{};
+        for (int i = 0; i < 4; ++i) { writes[i].sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_WRITE_DESCRIPTOR_SET; writes[i].dstSet = geo_set; writes[i].dstBinding = i; writes[i].descriptorCount = 1; writes[i].descriptorType = VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_UNIFORM_BUFFER; writes[i].pBufferInfo = &bi[i]; }
+        writes[4].sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_WRITE_DESCRIPTOR_SET; writes[4].dstSet = geo_set; writes[4].dstBinding = 4; writes[4].descriptorCount = 1; writes[4].descriptorType = VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_COMBINED_IMAGE_SAMPLER; writes[4].pImageInfo = &cube_info;
+        vkUpdateDescriptorSets(device, 5, writes, 0, nullptr);
+
+        float quad[] = {
+            -1.f,  1.f, 0.f, 1.f,  -1.f, -1.f, 0.f, 0.f,   1.f, -1.f, 1.f, 0.f,
+            -1.f,  1.f, 0.f, 1.f,   1.f, -1.f, 1.f, 0.f,   1.f,  1.f, 1.f, 1.f,
+        };
+        create_buffer(sizeof(quad), VK_BUFFER_USAGE_VERTEX_BUFFER_BIT, host_vis, quad_vb, quad_vb_mem);
+        vkMapMemory(device, quad_vb_mem, 0, sizeof(quad), 0, &p); memcpy(p, quad, sizeof(quad)); vkUnmapMemory(device, quad_vb_mem);
+
+        VkShaderModule vmod, fmod;
+        if (!create_shader_module("assets/shaders/generated/Geodesic.vertexMain.spv", vmod)) return false;
+        if (!create_shader_module("assets/shaders/generated/Geodesic.fragmentMain.spv", fmod)) return false;
+        VkPipelineLayoutCreateInfo plci{ VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_LAYOUT_CREATE_INFO };
+        plci.setLayoutCount = 1; plci.pSetLayouts = &geo_set_layout;
+        VK_CHECK(vkCreatePipelineLayout(device, &plci, nullptr, &geo_pipeline_layout));
+        VkPipelineShaderStageCreateInfo stages[2]{};
+        stages[0].sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_SHADER_STAGE_CREATE_INFO; stages[0].stage = VK_SHADER_STAGE_VERTEX_BIT;   stages[0].module = vmod; stages[0].pName = "main";
+        stages[1].sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_SHADER_STAGE_CREATE_INFO; stages[1].stage = VK_SHADER_STAGE_FRAGMENT_BIT; stages[1].module = fmod; stages[1].pName = "main";
+        VkVertexInputBindingDescription vib{ 0, 16, VK_VERTEX_INPUT_RATE_VERTEX };
+        VkVertexInputAttributeDescription via[2] = { { 0, 0, VK_FORMAT_R32G32_SFLOAT, 0 }, { 1, 0, VK_FORMAT_R32G32_SFLOAT, 8 } };
+        VkPipelineVertexInputStateCreateInfo vin{ VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_VERTEX_INPUT_STATE_CREATE_INFO };
+        vin.vertexBindingDescriptionCount = 1; vin.pVertexBindingDescriptions = &vib;
+        vin.vertexAttributeDescriptionCount = 2; vin.pVertexAttributeDescriptions = via;
+        VkPipelineInputAssemblyStateCreateInfo ia{ VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_INPUT_ASSEMBLY_STATE_CREATE_INFO }; ia.topology = VK_PRIMITIVE_TOPOLOGY_TRIANGLE_LIST;
+        VkViewport vp{ 0, 0, (float)GEO_W, (float)GEO_H, 0, 1 }; VkRect2D sc{ { 0, 0 }, { GEO_W, GEO_H } };
+        VkPipelineViewportStateCreateInfo vps{ VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_VIEWPORT_STATE_CREATE_INFO }; vps.viewportCount = 1; vps.pViewports = &vp; vps.scissorCount = 1; vps.pScissors = &sc;
+        VkPipelineRasterizationStateCreateInfo rs{ VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_RASTERIZATION_STATE_CREATE_INFO }; rs.polygonMode = VK_POLYGON_MODE_FILL; rs.cullMode = VK_CULL_MODE_NONE; rs.frontFace = VK_FRONT_FACE_COUNTER_CLOCKWISE; rs.lineWidth = 1.0f;
+        VkPipelineMultisampleStateCreateInfo ms{ VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_MULTISAMPLE_STATE_CREATE_INFO }; ms.rasterizationSamples = VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_1_BIT;
+        VkPipelineColorBlendAttachmentState cba{}; cba.colorWriteMask = VK_COLOR_COMPONENT_R_BIT | VK_COLOR_COMPONENT_G_BIT | VK_COLOR_COMPONENT_B_BIT | VK_COLOR_COMPONENT_A_BIT;
+        VkPipelineColorBlendStateCreateInfo cb{ VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_COLOR_BLEND_STATE_CREATE_INFO }; cb.attachmentCount = 1; cb.pAttachments = &cba;
+        VkGraphicsPipelineCreateInfo gpci{ VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_GRAPHICS_PIPELINE_CREATE_INFO };
+        gpci.stageCount = 2; gpci.pStages = stages;
+        gpci.pVertexInputState = &vin; gpci.pInputAssemblyState = &ia; gpci.pViewportState = &vps;
+        gpci.pRasterizationState = &rs; gpci.pMultisampleState = &ms; gpci.pColorBlendState = &cb;
+        gpci.layout = geo_pipeline_layout; gpci.renderPass = geo_render_pass; gpci.subpass = 0;
+        VkResult pr = vkCreateGraphicsPipelines(device, VK_NULL_HANDLE, 1, &gpci, nullptr, &geo_pipeline);
+        vkDestroyShaderModule(device, vmod, nullptr); vkDestroyShaderModule(device, fmod, nullptr);
+        if (pr != VK_SUCCESS) { DONUT_ERROR("Vulkan: geodesic pipeline creation failed ({})", (int)pr); return false; }
+
+        start_time = glfwGetTime();
+        update_geodesic_uniforms();
+        DONUT_INFO("Vulkan: geodesic resources ready ({}x{} offscreen)", (int)GEO_W, (int)GEO_H);
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    auto VulkanRenderer::Impl::create_hdri_cubemap(const char* path) -> bool
+    {
+        const VkMemoryPropertyFlags host_vis = VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_VISIBLE_BIT | VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_COHERENT_BIT;
+        const uint32_t FACE = 1024;
+        const VkFormat cube_fmt = VK_FORMAT_R16G16B16A16_SFLOAT;
+
+        VkImageCreateInfo cci{ VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_CREATE_INFO };
+        cci.flags = VK_IMAGE_CREATE_CUBE_COMPATIBLE_BIT;
+        cci.imageType = VK_IMAGE_TYPE_2D; cci.format = cube_fmt; cci.extent = { FACE, FACE, 1 };
+        cci.mipLevels = 1; cci.arrayLayers = 6; cci.samples = VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_1_BIT;
+        cci.tiling = VK_IMAGE_TILING_OPTIMAL;
+        cci.usage = VK_IMAGE_USAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_BIT | VK_IMAGE_USAGE_SAMPLED_BIT | VK_IMAGE_USAGE_TRANSFER_DST_BIT;
+        VK_CHECK(vkCreateImage(device, &cci, nullptr, &cube_image));
+        VkMemoryRequirements creq{}; vkGetImageMemoryRequirements(device, cube_image, &creq);
+        VkMemoryAllocateInfo cai{ VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_MEMORY_ALLOCATE_INFO };
+        cai.allocationSize = creq.size; cai.memoryTypeIndex = find_memory_type(creq.memoryTypeBits, VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_DEVICE_LOCAL_BIT);
+        VK_CHECK(vkAllocateMemory(device, &cai, nullptr, &cube_mem));
+        VK_CHECK(vkBindImageMemory(device, cube_image, cube_mem, 0));
+        VkImageViewCreateInfo cvci{ VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_VIEW_CREATE_INFO };
+        cvci.image = cube_image; cvci.viewType = VK_IMAGE_VIEW_TYPE_CUBE; cvci.format = cube_fmt;
+        cvci.subresourceRange = { VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT, 0, 1, 0, 6 };
+        VK_CHECK(vkCreateImageView(device, &cvci, nullptr, &cube_view));
+        VkSamplerCreateInfo csm{ VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SAMPLER_CREATE_INFO };
+        csm.magFilter = VK_FILTER_LINEAR; csm.minFilter = VK_FILTER_LINEAR;
+        csm.addressModeU = csm.addressModeV = csm.addressModeW = VK_SAMPLER_ADDRESS_MODE_CLAMP_TO_EDGE;
+        VK_CHECK(vkCreateSampler(device, &csm, nullptr, &cube_sampler));
+
+        int w = 0, h = 0, ch = 0;
+        float* pixels = stbi_loadf(path, &w, &h, &ch, 4);
+        if (!pixels)
+        {
+            DONUT_WARN("Vulkan: HDRI '{}' could not be loaded; using a dark background", path);
+            VkCommandBufferAllocateInfo cbai{ VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_COMMAND_BUFFER_ALLOCATE_INFO };
+            cbai.commandPool = command_pool; cbai.level = VK_COMMAND_BUFFER_LEVEL_PRIMARY; cbai.commandBufferCount = 1;
+            VkCommandBuffer cmd; VK_CHECK(vkAllocateCommandBuffers(device, &cbai, &cmd));
+            VkCommandBufferBeginInfo bi{ VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_COMMAND_BUFFER_BEGIN_INFO }; bi.flags = VK_COMMAND_BUFFER_USAGE_ONE_TIME_SUBMIT_BIT;
+            vkBeginCommandBuffer(cmd, &bi);
+            VkImageMemoryBarrier tb{ VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_MEMORY_BARRIER };
+            tb.oldLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED; tb.newLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_DST_OPTIMAL;
+            tb.image = cube_image; tb.subresourceRange = { VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT, 0, 1, 0, 6 };
+            tb.srcAccessMask = 0; tb.dstAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_TRANSFER_WRITE_BIT;
+            vkCmdPipelineBarrier(cmd, VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TOP_OF_PIPE_BIT, VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TRANSFER_BIT, 0, 0, nullptr, 0, nullptr, 1, &tb);
+            VkClearColorValue dark{}; dark.float32[0] = 0.02f; dark.float32[1] = 0.02f; dark.float32[2] = 0.05f; dark.float32[3] = 1.0f;
+            VkImageSubresourceRange rng{ VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT, 0, 1, 0, 6 };
+            vkCmdClearColorImage(cmd, cube_image, VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_DST_OPTIMAL, &dark, 1, &rng);
+            VkImageMemoryBarrier rb = tb; rb.oldLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_DST_OPTIMAL; rb.newLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_SHADER_READ_ONLY_OPTIMAL;
+            rb.srcAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_TRANSFER_WRITE_BIT; rb.dstAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_SHADER_READ_BIT;
+            vkCmdPipelineBarrier(cmd, VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TRANSFER_BIT, VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_FRAGMENT_SHADER_BIT, 0, 0, nullptr, 0, nullptr, 1, &rb);
+            vkEndCommandBuffer(cmd);
+            VkSubmitInfo si{ VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SUBMIT_INFO }; si.commandBufferCount = 1; si.pCommandBuffers = &cmd;
+            vkQueueSubmit(graphics_queue, 1, &si, VK_NULL_HANDLE); vkQueueWaitIdle(graphics_queue);
+            vkFreeCommandBuffers(device, command_pool, 1, &cmd);
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        // Apple GPUs can't linearly filter RGBA32F, so store the equirect as
+        // RGBA16F (convert the loaded floats to half on the way into staging).
+        const VkFormat eq_fmt = VK_FORMAT_R16G16B16A16_SFLOAT;
+        size_t texel_count = (size_t)w * h * 4;
+        VkDeviceSize eq_size = (VkDeviceSize)texel_count * sizeof(uint16_t);
+        VkBuffer eq_staging; VkDeviceMemory eq_staging_mem;
+        if (!create_buffer(eq_size, VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_SRC_BIT, host_vis, eq_staging, eq_staging_mem)) { stbi_image_free(pixels); return false; }
+        void* mp = nullptr; vkMapMemory(device, eq_staging_mem, 0, eq_size, 0, &mp);
+        uint16_t* dst = (uint16_t*)mp;
+        for (size_t i = 0; i < texel_count; ++i) { __fp16 hf = (__fp16)pixels[i]; memcpy(&dst[i], &hf, sizeof(uint16_t)); }
+        vkUnmapMemory(device, eq_staging_mem);
+        stbi_image_free(pixels);
+
+        VkImage eq_image; VkDeviceMemory eq_mem;
+        VkImageCreateInfo eci{ VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_CREATE_INFO };
+        eci.imageType = VK_IMAGE_TYPE_2D; eci.format = eq_fmt; eci.extent = { (uint32_t)w, (uint32_t)h, 1 };
+        eci.mipLevels = 1; eci.arrayLayers = 1; eci.samples = VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_1_BIT;
+        eci.tiling = VK_IMAGE_TILING_OPTIMAL; eci.usage = VK_IMAGE_USAGE_TRANSFER_DST_BIT | VK_IMAGE_USAGE_SAMPLED_BIT;
+        VK_CHECK(vkCreateImage(device, &eci, nullptr, &eq_image));
+        VkMemoryRequirements ereq{}; vkGetImageMemoryRequirements(device, eq_image, &ereq);
+        VkMemoryAllocateInfo eai{ VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_MEMORY_ALLOCATE_INFO };
+        eai.allocationSize = ereq.size; eai.memoryTypeIndex = find_memory_type(ereq.memoryTypeBits, VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_DEVICE_LOCAL_BIT);
+        VK_CHECK(vkAllocateMemory(device, &eai, nullptr, &eq_mem));
+        VK_CHECK(vkBindImageMemory(device, eq_image, eq_mem, 0));
+        VkImageView eq_view;
+        VkImageViewCreateInfo evci{ VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_VIEW_CREATE_INFO };
+        evci.image = eq_image; evci.viewType = VK_IMAGE_VIEW_TYPE_2D; evci.format = eq_fmt;
+        evci.subresourceRange = { VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT, 0, 1, 0, 1 };
+        VK_CHECK(vkCreateImageView(device, &evci, nullptr, &eq_view));
+        VkSampler eq_sampler;
+        VkSamplerCreateInfo esm{ VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SAMPLER_CREATE_INFO };
+        esm.magFilter = VK_FILTER_LINEAR; esm.minFilter = VK_FILTER_LINEAR;
+        esm.addressModeU = VK_SAMPLER_ADDRESS_MODE_REPEAT;         // longitude wraps
+        esm.addressModeV = VK_SAMPLER_ADDRESS_MODE_CLAMP_TO_EDGE;  // latitude clamps
+        esm.addressModeW = VK_SAMPLER_ADDRESS_MODE_CLAMP_TO_EDGE;
+        VK_CHECK(vkCreateSampler(device, &esm, nullptr, &eq_sampler));
+
+        VkImageView face_views[6];
+        for (uint32_t i = 0; i < 6; ++i)
+        {
+            VkImageViewCreateInfo fvci{ VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_VIEW_CREATE_INFO };
+            fvci.image = cube_image; fvci.viewType = VK_IMAGE_VIEW_TYPE_2D; fvci.format = cube_fmt;
+            fvci.subresourceRange = { VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT, 0, 1, i, 1 };
+            VK_CHECK(vkCreateImageView(device, &fvci, nullptr, &face_views[i]));
+        }
+
+        VkAttachmentDescription color{};
+        color.format = cube_fmt; color.samples = VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_1_BIT;
+        color.loadOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_LOAD_OP_CLEAR; color.storeOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_STORE_OP_STORE;
+        color.stencilLoadOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_LOAD_OP_DONT_CARE; color.stencilStoreOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_STORE_OP_DONT_CARE;
+        color.initialLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED; color.finalLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_SHADER_READ_ONLY_OPTIMAL;
+        VkAttachmentReference ref{ 0, VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL };
+        VkSubpassDescription subpass{}; subpass.pipelineBindPoint = VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_GRAPHICS; subpass.colorAttachmentCount = 1; subpass.pColorAttachments = &ref;
+        VkSubpassDependency dep{}; dep.srcSubpass = 0; dep.dstSubpass = VK_SUBPASS_EXTERNAL;
+        dep.srcStageMask = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OUTPUT_BIT; dep.srcAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_WRITE_BIT;
+        dep.dstStageMask = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_FRAGMENT_SHADER_BIT; dep.dstAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_SHADER_READ_BIT;
+        VkRenderPass rp;
+        VkRenderPassCreateInfo rpci{ VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_RENDER_PASS_CREATE_INFO };
+        rpci.attachmentCount = 1; rpci.pAttachments = &color; rpci.subpassCount = 1; rpci.pSubpasses = &subpass; rpci.dependencyCount = 1; rpci.pDependencies = &dep;
+        VK_CHECK(vkCreateRenderPass(device, &rpci, nullptr, &rp));
+        VkFramebuffer face_fb[6];
+        for (uint32_t i = 0; i < 6; ++i)
+        {
+            VkFramebufferCreateInfo fbci{ VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_FRAMEBUFFER_CREATE_INFO };
+            fbci.renderPass = rp; fbci.attachmentCount = 1; fbci.pAttachments = &face_views[i]; fbci.width = FACE; fbci.height = FACE; fbci.layers = 1;
+            VK_CHECK(vkCreateFramebuffer(device, &fbci, nullptr, &face_fb[i]));
+        }
+
+        VkDescriptorSetLayoutBinding binds[2]{};
+        binds[0].binding = 0; binds[0].descriptorType = VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_UNIFORM_BUFFER; binds[0].descriptorCount = 1; binds[0].stageFlags = VK_SHADER_STAGE_VERTEX_BIT;
+        binds[1].binding = 1; binds[1].descriptorType = VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_COMBINED_IMAGE_SAMPLER; binds[1].descriptorCount = 1; binds[1].stageFlags = VK_SHADER_STAGE_FRAGMENT_BIT;
+        VkDescriptorSetLayout set_layout;
+        VkDescriptorSetLayoutCreateInfo dslci{ VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DESCRIPTOR_SET_LAYOUT_CREATE_INFO }; dslci.bindingCount = 2; dslci.pBindings = binds;
+        VK_CHECK(vkCreateDescriptorSetLayout(device, &dslci, nullptr, &set_layout));
+        VkDescriptorPoolSize psizes[2] = { { VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_UNIFORM_BUFFER, 6 }, { VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_COMBINED_IMAGE_SAMPLER, 6 } };
+        VkDescriptorPool pool;
+        VkDescriptorPoolCreateInfo dpci{ VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DESCRIPTOR_POOL_CREATE_INFO }; dpci.maxSets = 6; dpci.poolSizeCount = 2; dpci.pPoolSizes = psizes;
+        VK_CHECK(vkCreateDescriptorPool(device, &dpci, nullptr, &pool));
+
+        VkShaderModule vmod, fmod;
+        if (!create_shader_module("assets/shaders/generated/EquirectToCubemap.vertexMain.spv", vmod)) return false;
+        if (!create_shader_module("assets/shaders/generated/EquirectToCubemap.fragmentMain.spv", fmod)) return false;
+        VkPipelineLayout playout;
+        VkPipelineLayoutCreateInfo plci{ VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_LAYOUT_CREATE_INFO }; plci.setLayoutCount = 1; plci.pSetLayouts = &set_layout;
+        VK_CHECK(vkCreatePipelineLayout(device, &plci, nullptr, &playout));
+        VkPipelineShaderStageCreateInfo stages[2]{};
+        stages[0].sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_SHADER_STAGE_CREATE_INFO; stages[0].stage = VK_SHADER_STAGE_VERTEX_BIT;   stages[0].module = vmod; stages[0].pName = "main";
+        stages[1].sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_SHADER_STAGE_CREATE_INFO; stages[1].stage = VK_SHADER_STAGE_FRAGMENT_BIT; stages[1].module = fmod; stages[1].pName = "main";
+        VkVertexInputBindingDescription vib{ 0, 12, VK_VERTEX_INPUT_RATE_VERTEX };
+        VkVertexInputAttributeDescription via{ 0, 0, VK_FORMAT_R32G32B32_SFLOAT, 0 };
+        VkPipelineVertexInputStateCreateInfo vin{ VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_VERTEX_INPUT_STATE_CREATE_INFO };
+        vin.vertexBindingDescriptionCount = 1; vin.pVertexBindingDescriptions = &vib; vin.vertexAttributeDescriptionCount = 1; vin.pVertexAttributeDescriptions = &via;
+        VkPipelineInputAssemblyStateCreateInfo ia{ VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_INPUT_ASSEMBLY_STATE_CREATE_INFO }; ia.topology = VK_PRIMITIVE_TOPOLOGY_TRIANGLE_LIST;
+        VkViewport vp{ 0, 0, (float)FACE, (float)FACE, 0, 1 }; VkRect2D sc{ { 0, 0 }, { FACE, FACE } };
+        VkPipelineViewportStateCreateInfo vps{ VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_VIEWPORT_STATE_CREATE_INFO }; vps.viewportCount = 1; vps.pViewports = &vp; vps.scissorCount = 1; vps.pScissors = &sc;
+        VkPipelineRasterizationStateCreateInfo rs{ VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_RASTERIZATION_STATE_CREATE_INFO }; rs.polygonMode = VK_POLYGON_MODE_FILL; rs.cullMode = VK_CULL_MODE_NONE; rs.frontFace = VK_FRONT_FACE_COUNTER_CLOCKWISE; rs.lineWidth = 1.0f;
+        VkPipelineMultisampleStateCreateInfo ms{ VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_MULTISAMPLE_STATE_CREATE_INFO }; ms.rasterizationSamples = VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_1_BIT;
+        VkPipelineColorBlendAttachmentState cba{}; cba.colorWriteMask = VK_COLOR_COMPONENT_R_BIT | VK_COLOR_COMPONENT_G_BIT | VK_COLOR_COMPONENT_B_BIT | VK_COLOR_COMPONENT_A_BIT;
+        VkPipelineColorBlendStateCreateInfo cb{ VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_COLOR_BLEND_STATE_CREATE_INFO }; cb.attachmentCount = 1; cb.pAttachments = &cba;
+        VkPipeline pipeline;
+        VkGraphicsPipelineCreateInfo gpci{ VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_GRAPHICS_PIPELINE_CREATE_INFO };
+        gpci.stageCount = 2; gpci.pStages = stages; gpci.pVertexInputState = &vin; gpci.pInputAssemblyState = &ia; gpci.pViewportState = &vps;
+        gpci.pRasterizationState = &rs; gpci.pMultisampleState = &ms; gpci.pColorBlendState = &cb; gpci.layout = playout; gpci.renderPass = rp; gpci.subpass = 0;
+        VkResult pr = vkCreateGraphicsPipelines(device, VK_NULL_HANDLE, 1, &gpci, nullptr, &pipeline);
+        vkDestroyShaderModule(device, vmod, nullptr); vkDestroyShaderModule(device, fmod, nullptr);
+        if (pr != VK_SUCCESS) { DONUT_ERROR("Vulkan: equirect pipeline failed ({})", (int)pr); return false; }
+
+        float cube_verts[] = {
+            -1,1,-1, -1,-1,-1, 1,-1,-1, 1,-1,-1, 1,1,-1, -1,1,-1,
+            -1,-1,1, -1,-1,-1, -1,1,-1, -1,1,-1, -1,1,1, -1,-1,1,
+             1,-1,-1, 1,-1,1, 1,1,1, 1,1,1, 1,1,-1, 1,-1,-1,
+            -1,-1,1, -1,1,1, 1,1,1, 1,1,1, 1,-1,1, -1,-1,1,
+            -1,1,-1, 1,1,-1, 1,1,1, 1,1,1, -1,1,1, -1,1,-1,
+            -1,-1,-1, -1,-1,1, 1,-1,-1, 1,-1,-1, -1,-1,1, 1,-1,1,
+        };
+        VkBuffer cube_vb; VkDeviceMemory cube_vb_mem;
+        create_buffer(sizeof(cube_verts), VK_BUFFER_USAGE_VERTEX_BUFFER_BIT, host_vis, cube_vb, cube_vb_mem);
+        vkMapMemory(device, cube_vb_mem, 0, sizeof(cube_verts), 0, &mp); memcpy(mp, cube_verts, sizeof(cube_verts)); vkUnmapMemory(device, cube_vb_mem);
+
+        glm::mat4 proj = glm::perspective(glm::radians(90.0f), 1.0f, 0.1f, 10.0f);
+        proj[1][1] *= -1.0f;  // Vulkan clip space is Y-down vs OpenGL
+        glm::mat4 views[6] = {
+            glm::lookAt(glm::vec3(0), glm::vec3( 1, 0, 0), glm::vec3(0, -1, 0)),
+            glm::lookAt(glm::vec3(0), glm::vec3(-1, 0, 0), glm::vec3(0, -1, 0)),
+            glm::lookAt(glm::vec3(0), glm::vec3( 0, 1, 0), glm::vec3(0, 0, 1)),
+            glm::lookAt(glm::vec3(0), glm::vec3( 0, -1, 0), glm::vec3(0, 0, -1)),
+            glm::lookAt(glm::vec3(0), glm::vec3( 0, 0, 1), glm::vec3(0, -1, 0)),
+            glm::lookAt(glm::vec3(0), glm::vec3( 0, 0, -1), glm::vec3(0, -1, 0)),
+        };
+        VkBuffer ubo[6]; VkDeviceMemory ubo_mem[6]; VkDescriptorSet sets[6];
+        for (uint32_t i = 0; i < 6; ++i)
+        {
+            create_buffer(128, VK_BUFFER_USAGE_UNIFORM_BUFFER_BIT, host_vis, ubo[i], ubo_mem[i]);
+            glm::mat4 mats[2] = { glm::transpose(proj), glm::transpose(views[i]) };  // SPIR-V expects row-major
+            vkMapMemory(device, ubo_mem[i], 0, 128, 0, &mp); memcpy(mp, mats, 128); vkUnmapMemory(device, ubo_mem[i]);
+            VkDescriptorSetAllocateInfo dsai{ VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DESCRIPTOR_SET_ALLOCATE_INFO }; dsai.descriptorPool = pool; dsai.descriptorSetCount = 1; dsai.pSetLayouts = &set_layout;
+            VK_CHECK(vkAllocateDescriptorSets(device, &dsai, &sets[i]));
+            VkDescriptorBufferInfo buf_info{ ubo[i], 0, VK_WHOLE_SIZE };
+            VkDescriptorImageInfo img_info{ eq_sampler, eq_view, VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_SHADER_READ_ONLY_OPTIMAL };
+            VkWriteDescriptorSet ws[2]{};
+            ws[0].sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_WRITE_DESCRIPTOR_SET; ws[0].dstSet = sets[i]; ws[0].dstBinding = 0; ws[0].descriptorCount = 1; ws[0].descriptorType = VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_UNIFORM_BUFFER; ws[0].pBufferInfo = &buf_info;
+            ws[1].sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_WRITE_DESCRIPTOR_SET; ws[1].dstSet = sets[i]; ws[1].dstBinding = 1; ws[1].descriptorCount = 1; ws[1].descriptorType = VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_COMBINED_IMAGE_SAMPLER; ws[1].pImageInfo = &img_info;
+            vkUpdateDescriptorSets(device, 2, ws, 0, nullptr);
+        }
+
+        VkCommandBufferAllocateInfo cbai{ VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_COMMAND_BUFFER_ALLOCATE_INFO };
+        cbai.commandPool = command_pool; cbai.level = VK_COMMAND_BUFFER_LEVEL_PRIMARY; cbai.commandBufferCount = 1;
+        VkCommandBuffer cmd; VK_CHECK(vkAllocateCommandBuffers(device, &cbai, &cmd));
+        VkCommandBufferBeginInfo bi{ VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_COMMAND_BUFFER_BEGIN_INFO }; bi.flags = VK_COMMAND_BUFFER_USAGE_ONE_TIME_SUBMIT_BIT;
+        VK_CHECK(vkBeginCommandBuffer(cmd, &bi));
+        VkImageMemoryBarrier to_dst{ VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_MEMORY_BARRIER };
+        to_dst.oldLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED; to_dst.newLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_DST_OPTIMAL;
+        to_dst.image = eq_image; to_dst.subresourceRange = { VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT, 0, 1, 0, 1 };
+        to_dst.srcAccessMask = 0; to_dst.dstAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_TRANSFER_WRITE_BIT;
+        vkCmdPipelineBarrier(cmd, VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TOP_OF_PIPE_BIT, VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TRANSFER_BIT, 0, 0, nullptr, 0, nullptr, 1, &to_dst);
+        VkBufferImageCopy copy{}; copy.imageSubresource = { VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT, 0, 0, 1 }; copy.imageExtent = { (uint32_t)w, (uint32_t)h, 1 };
+        vkCmdCopyBufferToImage(cmd, eq_staging, eq_image, VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_DST_OPTIMAL, 1, &copy);
+        VkImageMemoryBarrier to_read = to_dst; to_read.oldLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_DST_OPTIMAL; to_read.newLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_SHADER_READ_ONLY_OPTIMAL;
+        to_read.srcAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_TRANSFER_WRITE_BIT; to_read.dstAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_SHADER_READ_BIT;
+        vkCmdPipelineBarrier(cmd, VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TRANSFER_BIT, VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_FRAGMENT_SHADER_BIT, 0, 0, nullptr, 0, nullptr, 1, &to_read);
+
+        VkClearValue clear{}; clear.color = { { 0, 0, 0, 1 } };
+        for (uint32_t i = 0; i < 6; ++i)
+        {
+            VkRenderPassBeginInfo rpbi{ VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_RENDER_PASS_BEGIN_INFO };
+            rpbi.renderPass = rp; rpbi.framebuffer = face_fb[i]; rpbi.renderArea = { { 0, 0 }, { FACE, FACE } }; rpbi.clearValueCount = 1; rpbi.pClearValues = &clear;
+            vkCmdBeginRenderPass(cmd, &rpbi, VK_SUBPASS_CONTENTS_INLINE);
+            vkCmdBindPipeline(cmd, VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_GRAPHICS, pipeline);
+            vkCmdBindDescriptorSets(cmd, VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_GRAPHICS, playout, 0, 1, &sets[i], 0, nullptr);
+            VkDeviceSize off = 0; vkCmdBindVertexBuffers(cmd, 0, 1, &cube_vb, &off);
+            vkCmdDraw(cmd, 36, 1, 0, 0);
+            vkCmdEndRenderPass(cmd);
+        }
+        VK_CHECK(vkEndCommandBuffer(cmd));
+        VkSubmitInfo si{ VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SUBMIT_INFO }; si.commandBufferCount = 1; si.pCommandBuffers = &cmd;
+        VK_CHECK(vkQueueSubmit(graphics_queue, 1, &si, VK_NULL_HANDLE));
+        VK_CHECK(vkQueueWaitIdle(graphics_queue));
+
+        vkFreeCommandBuffers(device, command_pool, 1, &cmd);
+        for (uint32_t i = 0; i < 6; ++i) { vkDestroyBuffer(device, ubo[i], nullptr); vkFreeMemory(device, ubo_mem[i], nullptr); vkDestroyFramebuffer(device, face_fb[i], nullptr); vkDestroyImageView(device, face_views[i], nullptr); }
+        vkDestroyBuffer(device, cube_vb, nullptr); vkFreeMemory(device, cube_vb_mem, nullptr);
+        vkDestroyPipeline(device, pipeline, nullptr); vkDestroyPipelineLayout(device, playout, nullptr);
+        vkDestroyDescriptorPool(device, pool, nullptr); vkDestroyDescriptorSetLayout(device, set_layout, nullptr);
+        vkDestroyRenderPass(device, rp, nullptr);
+        vkDestroySampler(device, eq_sampler, nullptr); vkDestroyImageView(device, eq_view, nullptr);
+        vkDestroyImage(device, eq_image, nullptr); vkFreeMemory(device, eq_mem, nullptr);
+        vkDestroyBuffer(device, eq_staging, nullptr); vkFreeMemory(device, eq_staging_mem, nullptr);
+        DONUT_INFO("Vulkan: HDRI cubemap built from {} ({}x{} equirect -> {}^2 cube)", path, w, h, (int)FACE);
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    auto VulkanRenderer::Impl::create_present_resources() -> bool
+    {
+        VkSamplerCreateInfo smci{ VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SAMPLER_CREATE_INFO };
+        smci.magFilter = VK_FILTER_LINEAR; smci.minFilter = VK_FILTER_LINEAR;
+        smci.addressModeU = smci.addressModeV = smci.addressModeW = VK_SAMPLER_ADDRESS_MODE_CLAMP_TO_EDGE;
+        VK_CHECK(vkCreateSampler(device, &smci, nullptr, &present_sampler));
+
+        VkDescriptorSetLayoutBinding bind{}; bind.binding = 0; bind.descriptorType = VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_COMBINED_IMAGE_SAMPLER; bind.descriptorCount = 1; bind.stageFlags = VK_SHADER_STAGE_FRAGMENT_BIT;
+        VkDescriptorSetLayoutCreateInfo dslci{ VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DESCRIPTOR_SET_LAYOUT_CREATE_INFO };
+        dslci.bindingCount = 1; dslci.pBindings = &bind;
+        VK_CHECK(vkCreateDescriptorSetLayout(device, &dslci, nullptr, &present_set_layout));
+        VkDescriptorPoolSize psize{ VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_COMBINED_IMAGE_SAMPLER, 1 };
+        VkDescriptorPoolCreateInfo dpci{ VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DESCRIPTOR_POOL_CREATE_INFO };
+        dpci.maxSets = 1; dpci.poolSizeCount = 1; dpci.pPoolSizes = &psize;
+        VK_CHECK(vkCreateDescriptorPool(device, &dpci, nullptr, &present_pool));
+        VkDescriptorSetAllocateInfo dsai{ VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DESCRIPTOR_SET_ALLOCATE_INFO };
+        dsai.descriptorPool = present_pool; dsai.descriptorSetCount = 1; dsai.pSetLayouts = &present_set_layout;
+        VK_CHECK(vkAllocateDescriptorSets(device, &dsai, &present_set));
+        VkDescriptorImageInfo ii{ present_sampler, geo_image_view, VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_SHADER_READ_ONLY_OPTIMAL };
+        VkWriteDescriptorSet write{ VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_WRITE_DESCRIPTOR_SET };
+        write.dstSet = present_set; write.dstBinding = 0; write.descriptorCount = 1; write.descriptorType = VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_COMBINED_IMAGE_SAMPLER; write.pImageInfo = &ii;
+        vkUpdateDescriptorSets(device, 1, &write, 0, nullptr);
+
+        VkShaderModule vmod, fmod;
+        if (!create_shader_module("assets/shaders/generated/TexturedQuad.vertexMain.spv", vmod)) return false;
+        if (!create_shader_module("assets/shaders/generated/TexturedQuad.fragmentMain.spv", fmod)) return false;
+        VkPipelineLayoutCreateInfo plci{ VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_LAYOUT_CREATE_INFO };
+        plci.setLayoutCount = 1; plci.pSetLayouts = &present_set_layout;
+        VK_CHECK(vkCreatePipelineLayout(device, &plci, nullptr, &present_pipeline_layout));
+        VkPipelineShaderStageCreateInfo stages[2]{};
+        stages[0].sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_SHADER_STAGE_CREATE_INFO; stages[0].stage = VK_SHADER_STAGE_VERTEX_BIT;   stages[0].module = vmod; stages[0].pName = "main";
+        stages[1].sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_SHADER_STAGE_CREATE_INFO; stages[1].stage = VK_SHADER_STAGE_FRAGMENT_BIT; stages[1].module = fmod; stages[1].pName = "main";
+        VkVertexInputBindingDescription vib{ 0, 16, VK_VERTEX_INPUT_RATE_VERTEX };
+        VkVertexInputAttributeDescription via[2] = { { 0, 0, VK_FORMAT_R32G32_SFLOAT, 0 }, { 1, 0, VK_FORMAT_R32G32_SFLOAT, 8 } };
+        VkPipelineVertexInputStateCreateInfo vin{ VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_VERTEX_INPUT_STATE_CREATE_INFO };
+        vin.vertexBindingDescriptionCount = 1; vin.pVertexBindingDescriptions = &vib;
+        vin.vertexAttributeDescriptionCount = 2; vin.pVertexAttributeDescriptions = via;
+        VkPipelineInputAssemblyStateCreateInfo ia{ VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_INPUT_ASSEMBLY_STATE_CREATE_INFO }; ia.topology = VK_PRIMITIVE_TOPOLOGY_TRIANGLE_LIST;
+        VkPipelineViewportStateCreateInfo vps{ VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_VIEWPORT_STATE_CREATE_INFO }; vps.viewportCount = 1; vps.scissorCount = 1;
+        VkDynamicState dyn[2] = { VK_DYNAMIC_STATE_VIEWPORT, VK_DYNAMIC_STATE_SCISSOR };
+        VkPipelineDynamicStateCreateInfo dsci{ VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_DYNAMIC_STATE_CREATE_INFO }; dsci.dynamicStateCount = 2; dsci.pDynamicStates = dyn;
+        VkPipelineRasterizationStateCreateInfo rs{ VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_RASTERIZATION_STATE_CREATE_INFO }; rs.polygonMode = VK_POLYGON_MODE_FILL; rs.cullMode = VK_CULL_MODE_NONE; rs.frontFace = VK_FRONT_FACE_COUNTER_CLOCKWISE; rs.lineWidth = 1.0f;
+        VkPipelineMultisampleStateCreateInfo ms{ VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_MULTISAMPLE_STATE_CREATE_INFO }; ms.rasterizationSamples = VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_1_BIT;
+        VkPipelineColorBlendAttachmentState cba{}; cba.colorWriteMask = VK_COLOR_COMPONENT_R_BIT | VK_COLOR_COMPONENT_G_BIT | VK_COLOR_COMPONENT_B_BIT | VK_COLOR_COMPONENT_A_BIT;
+        VkPipelineColorBlendStateCreateInfo cb{ VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_COLOR_BLEND_STATE_CREATE_INFO }; cb.attachmentCount = 1; cb.pAttachments = &cba;
+        VkGraphicsPipelineCreateInfo gpci{ VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_GRAPHICS_PIPELINE_CREATE_INFO };
+        gpci.stageCount = 2; gpci.pStages = stages;
+        gpci.pVertexInputState = &vin; gpci.pInputAssemblyState = &ia; gpci.pViewportState = &vps;
+        gpci.pDynamicState = &dsci;
+        gpci.pRasterizationState = &rs; gpci.pMultisampleState = &ms; gpci.pColorBlendState = &cb;
+        gpci.layout = present_pipeline_layout; gpci.renderPass = render_pass; gpci.subpass = 0;
+        VkResult pr = vkCreateGraphicsPipelines(device, VK_NULL_HANDLE, 1, &gpci, nullptr, &present_pipeline);
+        vkDestroyShaderModule(device, vmod, nullptr); vkDestroyShaderModule(device, fmod, nullptr);
+        if (pr != VK_SUCCESS) { DONUT_ERROR("Vulkan: present pipeline creation failed ({})", (int)pr); return false; }
+        DONUT_INFO("Vulkan: present pipeline ready");
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    auto VulkanRenderer::Impl::update_geodesic_uniforms() -> void
+    {
+        struct CamUBO {
+            glm::vec3 pos; float p0; glm::vec3 right; float p1;
+            glm::vec3 up; float p2; glm::vec3 fwd; float p3;
+            float tan_half_fov; float aspect; uint32_t moving; int p4;
+        } cam_data{};
+        glm::vec3 pos   = camera.get_orbital_position();
+        glm::vec3 fwd   = glm::normalize(camera.get_orbital_target() - pos);
+        glm::vec3 right = glm::normalize(glm::cross(fwd, glm::vec3(0, 1, 0)));
+        cam_data.pos = pos; cam_data.right = right; cam_data.up = glm::cross(right, fwd); cam_data.fwd = fwd;
+        cam_data.tan_half_fov = (float)tan(glm::radians(60.0f * 0.5f));
+        cam_data.aspect = (float)GEO_W / (float)GEO_H;
+        cam_data.moving = camera.is_dragging() || camera.is_panning() ? 1u : 0u;
+        if (cam_mapped) memcpy(cam_mapped, &cam_data, sizeof(cam_data));
+
+        // Fewer integration steps while the camera moves keeps dragging responsive;
+        // more steps once it settles renders the disk in full.
+        struct SimUBO { int steps_moving; int steps_static; float early_exit; float time; } sim;
+        sim.steps_moving = 3500; sim.steps_static = 5000; sim.early_exit = 5e12f;
+        sim.time = (float)(glfwGetTime() - start_time);
+        if (sim_mapped) memcpy(sim_mapped, &sim, sizeof(sim));
+    }
+
+    static double g_ScrollAccum = 0.0;
+    static GLFWscrollfun g_PrevScroll = nullptr;
+    static void donut_vk_scroll_callback(GLFWwindow* w, double x, double y)
+    {
+        if (g_PrevScroll) g_PrevScroll(w, x, y);  // keep ImGui's scroll handling intact
+        g_ScrollAccum += y;
+    }
+
+    auto VulkanRenderer::Impl::process_input() -> void
+    {
+        bool over_ui = imgui_init && ImGui::GetIO().WantCaptureMouse;
+
+        bool left_down = glfwGetMouseButton(window, GLFW_MOUSE_BUTTON_LEFT) == GLFW_PRESS;
+        if (left_down && !left_was_down && !over_ui)
+            camera.process_orbital_mouse_button(GLFW_MOUSE_BUTTON_LEFT, GLFW_PRESS, 0);
+        else if (!left_down && left_was_down)
+            camera.process_orbital_mouse_button(GLFW_MOUSE_BUTTON_LEFT, GLFW_RELEASE, 0);
+        left_was_down = left_down;
+
+        double mx = 0, my = 0;
+        glfwGetCursorPos(window, &mx, &my);
+        camera.process_orbital_mouse_move(mx, my);  // tracks last position internally; orbits only while dragging
+
+        double scroll = g_ScrollAccum; g_ScrollAccum = 0.0;
+        if (scroll != 0.0 && !over_ui)
+            camera.process_orbital_scroll(0.0, scroll);
+    }
+
+    auto VulkanRenderer::Impl::destroy_geodesic_resources() -> void
+    {
+        if (present_pipeline) vkDestroyPipeline(device, present_pipeline, nullptr);
+        if (present_pipeline_layout) vkDestroyPipelineLayout(device, present_pipeline_layout, nullptr);
+        if (present_pool) vkDestroyDescriptorPool(device, present_pool, nullptr);
+        if (present_set_layout) vkDestroyDescriptorSetLayout(device, present_set_layout, nullptr);
+        if (present_sampler) vkDestroySampler(device, present_sampler, nullptr);
+
+        if (geo_pipeline) vkDestroyPipeline(device, geo_pipeline, nullptr);
+        if (geo_pipeline_layout) vkDestroyPipelineLayout(device, geo_pipeline_layout, nullptr);
+        if (geo_pool) vkDestroyDescriptorPool(device, geo_pool, nullptr);
+        if (geo_set_layout) vkDestroyDescriptorSetLayout(device, geo_set_layout, nullptr);
+        if (quad_vb) vkDestroyBuffer(device, quad_vb, nullptr);
+        if (quad_vb_mem) vkFreeMemory(device, quad_vb_mem, nullptr);
+        if (cube_sampler) vkDestroySampler(device, cube_sampler, nullptr);
+        if (cube_view) vkDestroyImageView(device, cube_view, nullptr);
+        if (cube_image) vkDestroyImage(device, cube_image, nullptr);
+        if (cube_mem) vkFreeMemory(device, cube_mem, nullptr);
+        if (cam_mapped) { vkUnmapMemory(device, cam_mem); cam_mapped = nullptr; }
+        if (sim_mapped) { vkUnmapMemory(device, sim_mem); sim_mapped = nullptr; }
+        VkBuffer ubos[4] = { cam_buf, disk_buf, obj_buf, sim_buf };
+        VkDeviceMemory umem[4] = { cam_mem, disk_mem, obj_mem, sim_mem };
+        for (int i = 0; i < 4; ++i) { if (ubos[i]) vkDestroyBuffer(device, ubos[i], nullptr); if (umem[i]) vkFreeMemory(device, umem[i], nullptr); }
+        if (geo_framebuffer) vkDestroyFramebuffer(device, geo_framebuffer, nullptr);
+        if (geo_render_pass) vkDestroyRenderPass(device, geo_render_pass, nullptr);
+        if (geo_image_view) vkDestroyImageView(device, geo_image_view, nullptr);
+        if (geo_image) vkDestroyImage(device, geo_image, nullptr);
+        if (geo_image_mem) vkFreeMemory(device, geo_image_mem, nullptr);
+    }
+
+    auto VulkanRenderer::Impl::record_command_buffer(VkCommandBuffer cmd, uint32_t image_index, const glm::vec4& clear, ImDrawData* draw_data) -> bool
+    {
+        VkCommandBufferBeginInfo begin{ VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_COMMAND_BUFFER_BEGIN_INFO };
+        VK_CHECK(vkBeginCommandBuffer(cmd, &begin));
+
+        // Geodesic offscreen pass
+        VkClearValue geo_clear{}; geo_clear.color = { { 0, 0, 0, 1 } };
+        VkRenderPassBeginInfo grp{ VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_RENDER_PASS_BEGIN_INFO };
+        grp.renderPass = geo_render_pass; grp.framebuffer = geo_framebuffer;
+        grp.renderArea = { { 0, 0 }, { GEO_W, GEO_H } };
+        grp.clearValueCount = 1; grp.pClearValues = &geo_clear;
+        vkCmdBeginRenderPass(cmd, &grp, VK_SUBPASS_CONTENTS_INLINE);
+        vkCmdBindPipeline(cmd, VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_GRAPHICS, geo_pipeline);
+        vkCmdBindDescriptorSets(cmd, VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_GRAPHICS, geo_pipeline_layout, 0, 1, &geo_set, 0, nullptr);
+        VkDeviceSize off = 0; vkCmdBindVertexBuffers(cmd, 0, 1, &quad_vb, &off);
+        vkCmdDraw(cmd, 6, 1, 0, 0);
+        vkCmdEndRenderPass(cmd);
+
+        // Swapchain pass: upscale the geodesic image, then the ImGui UI on top
+        VkClearValue cv{}; cv.color = { { clear.r, clear.g, clear.b, clear.a } };
+        VkRenderPassBeginInfo rpbi{ VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_RENDER_PASS_BEGIN_INFO };
+        rpbi.renderPass = render_pass;
+        rpbi.framebuffer = framebuffers[image_index];
+        rpbi.renderArea = { { 0, 0 }, swapchain_extent };
+        rpbi.clearValueCount = 1; rpbi.pClearValues = &cv;
+        vkCmdBeginRenderPass(cmd, &rpbi, VK_SUBPASS_CONTENTS_INLINE);
+        vkCmdBindPipeline(cmd, VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_GRAPHICS, present_pipeline);
+        // Negative-height viewport flips the geodesic image vertically so the scene
+        // reads the same as the OpenGL path (Vulkan's clip space is Y-down). Only
+        // this draw is affected; ImGui sets its own viewport.
+        VkViewport vp{ 0, (float)swapchain_extent.height, (float)swapchain_extent.width, -(float)swapchain_extent.height, 0, 1 };
+        VkRect2D scissor{ { 0, 0 }, swapchain_extent };
+        vkCmdSetViewport(cmd, 0, 1, &vp);
+        vkCmdSetScissor(cmd, 0, 1, &scissor);
+        vkCmdBindDescriptorSets(cmd, VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_GRAPHICS, present_pipeline_layout, 0, 1, &present_set, 0, nullptr);
+        vkCmdBindVertexBuffers(cmd, 0, 1, &quad_vb, &off);
+        vkCmdDraw(cmd, 6, 1, 0, 0);
+        if (draw_data)
+            ImGui_ImplVulkan_RenderDrawData(draw_data, cmd);
+        vkCmdEndRenderPass(cmd);
+
+        VK_CHECK(vkEndCommandBuffer(cmd));
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    auto VulkanRenderer::Impl::cleanup_swapchain() -> void
+    {
+        for (auto fb : framebuffers) vkDestroyFramebuffer(device, fb, nullptr);
+        framebuffers.clear();
+        for (auto iv : image_views) vkDestroyImageView(device, iv, nullptr);
+        image_views.clear();
+        if (render_pass) { vkDestroyRenderPass(device, render_pass, nullptr); render_pass = VK_NULL_HANDLE; }
+        if (swapchain)  { vkDestroySwapchainKHR(device, swapchain, nullptr); swapchain = VK_NULL_HANDLE; }
+    }
+
+    auto VulkanRenderer::Impl::recreate_swapchain() -> bool
+    {
+        // Wait until the window has a non-zero size (e.g. after un-minimizing).
+        int w = 0, h = 0;
+        glfwGetFramebufferSize(window, &w, &h);
+        while (w == 0 || h == 0)
+        {
+            glfwGetFramebufferSize(window, &w, &h);
+            glfwWaitEvents();
+        }
+        width = w; height = h;
+        vkDeviceWaitIdle(device);
+
+        cleanup_swapchain();
+        // render_finished are tied to image count; recreate below via sync if it changed.
+        if (!create_swapchain())   return false;
+        if (!create_image_views())  return false;
+        if (!create_render_pass())  return false;
+        if (!create_framebuffers())return false;
+        images_in_flight.assign(images.size(), VK_NULL_HANDLE);
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    VulkanRenderer::VulkanRenderer()  { m_impl = new Impl(); }
+    VulkanRenderer::~VulkanRenderer() { shutdown(); delete m_impl; m_impl = nullptr; }
+
+    auto VulkanRenderer::init(void* glfwWindow, int width, int height) -> bool
+    {
+        Impl& v = *m_impl;
+        v.window = (GLFWwindow*)glfwWindow;
+        v.width = width; v.height = height;
+
+        if (!v.create_instance())        return false;
+        if (!v.pick_physical_and_device()) return false;
+        if (!v.create_swapchain())       return false;
+        if (!v.create_image_views())      return false;
+        if (!v.create_render_pass())      return false;
+        if (!v.create_framebuffers())    return false;
+        if (!v.create_command_buffers())  return false;
+        if (!v.create_sync_objects())     return false;
+        if (!v.create_geodesic_resources()) return false;
+        if (!v.create_present_resources())  return false;
+
+        DONUT_INFO("Vulkan renderer ready: {} swapchain images, {}x{}",
+                   (int)v.images.size(), v.swapchain_extent.width, v.swapchain_extent.height);
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    auto VulkanRenderer::init_im_gui() -> bool
+    {
+        Impl& v = *m_impl;
+        if (v.device == VK_NULL_HANDLE) return false;
+
+        VkDescriptorPoolSize pool_size{ VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_COMBINED_IMAGE_SAMPLER, 1000 };
+        VkDescriptorPoolCreateInfo dpci{ VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DESCRIPTOR_POOL_CREATE_INFO };
+        dpci.flags = VK_DESCRIPTOR_POOL_CREATE_FREE_DESCRIPTOR_SET_BIT;
+        dpci.maxSets = 1000;
+        dpci.poolSizeCount = 1; dpci.pPoolSizes = &pool_size;
+        VK_CHECK(vkCreateDescriptorPool(v.device, &dpci, nullptr, &v.imgui_pool));
+
+        IMGUI_CHECKVERSION();
+        ImGui::CreateContext();
+        ImGuiIO& io = ImGui::GetIO();
+        io.ConfigFlags |= ImGuiConfigFlags_NavEnableKeyboard;
+        io.ConfigFlags |= ImGuiConfigFlags_DockingEnable;
+        ImGui::StyleColorsDark();
+
+        ImGui_ImplGlfw_InitForVulkan(v.window, true);
+        g_PrevScroll = glfwSetScrollCallback(v.window, donut_vk_scroll_callback);  // chain ImGui + camera zoom
+        ImGui_ImplVulkan_InitInfo info{};
+        info.ApiVersion     = VK_API_VERSION_1_2;
+        info.Instance       = v.instance;
+        info.PhysicalDevice = v.physical;
+        info.Device         = v.device;
+        info.QueueFamily    = v.graphics_family;
+        info.Queue          = v.graphics_queue;
+        info.DescriptorPool = v.imgui_pool;
+        info.RenderPass     = v.render_pass;
+        info.MinImageCount  = 2;
+        info.ImageCount     = (uint32_t)v.images.size();
+        info.MSAASamples    = VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_1_BIT;
+        if (!ImGui_ImplVulkan_Init(&info))
+        {
+            DONUT_ERROR("Vulkan: ImGui_ImplVulkan_Init failed");
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        v.imgui_init = true;
+        DONUT_INFO("Vulkan: ImGui backend initialized");
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    auto VulkanRenderer::on_resize(int width, int height) -> void
+    {
+        m_impl->framebuffer_resized = true;
+        m_impl->width = width; m_impl->height = height;
+    }
+
+    auto VulkanRenderer::draw_frame(const glm::vec4& clear_color, const std::function<void()>& build_ui) -> void
+    {
+        Impl& v = *m_impl;
+        if (v.device == VK_NULL_HANDLE) return;
+
+        ImDrawData* draw_data = nullptr;
+        if (v.imgui_init)
+        {
+            ImGui_ImplVulkan_NewFrame();
+            ImGui_ImplGlfw_NewFrame();
+            ImGui::NewFrame();
+            if (build_ui) build_ui();
+            ImGui::Render();
+            draw_data = ImGui::GetDrawData();
+        }
+
+        vkWaitForFences(v.device, 1, &v.in_flight[v.current_frame], VK_TRUE, UINT64_MAX);
+
+        uint32_t image_index = 0;
+        VkResult r = vkAcquireNextImageKHR(v.device, v.swapchain, UINT64_MAX,
+                                           v.image_available[v.current_frame], VK_NULL_HANDLE, &image_index);
+        if (r == VK_ERROR_OUT_OF_DATE_KHR) { v.recreate_swapchain(); return; }
+        if (r != VK_SUCCESS && r != VK_SUBOPTIMAL_KHR) { DONUT_ERROR("Vulkan: acquire failed ({})", (int)r); return; }
+
+        if (v.images_in_flight[image_index] != VK_NULL_HANDLE)
+            vkWaitForFences(v.device, 1, &v.images_in_flight[image_index], VK_TRUE, UINT64_MAX);
+        v.images_in_flight[image_index] = v.in_flight[v.current_frame];
+
+        // The geodesic offscreen image is shared across frames in flight; wait for
+        // the previous frame to finish reading it before overwriting it this frame.
+        if (v.geo_in_use != VK_NULL_HANDLE)
+            vkWaitForFences(v.device, 1, &v.geo_in_use, VK_TRUE, UINT64_MAX);
+        v.process_input();
+        v.update_geodesic_uniforms();
+
+        vkResetCommandBuffer(v.command_buffers[v.current_frame], 0);
+        if (!v.record_command_buffer(v.command_buffers[v.current_frame], image_index, clear_color, draw_data)) return;
+
+        VkPipelineStageFlags wait_stage = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OUTPUT_BIT;
+        VkSubmitInfo submit{ VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SUBMIT_INFO };
+        submit.waitSemaphoreCount   = 1;
+        submit.pWaitSemaphores      = &v.image_available[v.current_frame];
+        submit.pWaitDstStageMask    = &wait_stage;
+        submit.commandBufferCount   = 1;
+        submit.pCommandBuffers      = &v.command_buffers[v.current_frame];
+        submit.signalSemaphoreCount = 1;
+        submit.pSignalSemaphores    = &v.render_finished[image_index];
+
+        vkResetFences(v.device, 1, &v.in_flight[v.current_frame]);
+        if (vkQueueSubmit(v.graphics_queue, 1, &submit, v.in_flight[v.current_frame]) != VK_SUCCESS)
+        { DONUT_ERROR("Vulkan: queue submit failed"); return; }
+        v.geo_in_use = v.in_flight[v.current_frame];
+
+        VkPresentInfoKHR present{ VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PRESENT_INFO_KHR };
+        present.waitSemaphoreCount = 1;
+        present.pWaitSemaphores    = &v.render_finished[image_index];
+        present.swapchainCount     = 1;
+        present.pSwapchains        = &v.swapchain;
+        present.pImageIndices      = &image_index;
+        r = vkQueuePresentKHR(v.present_queue, &present);
+        if (r == VK_ERROR_OUT_OF_DATE_KHR || r == VK_SUBOPTIMAL_KHR || v.framebuffer_resized)
+        {
+            v.framebuffer_resized = false;
+            v.recreate_swapchain();
+        }
+
+        v.current_frame = (v.current_frame + 1) % MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT;
+    }
+
+    auto VulkanRenderer::shutdown() -> void
+    {
+        Impl& v = *m_impl;
+        if (v.device == VK_NULL_HANDLE) { if (v.instance && v.surface) { vkDestroySurfaceKHR(v.instance, v.surface, nullptr); v.surface = VK_NULL_HANDLE; } if (v.instance) { vkDestroyInstance(v.instance, nullptr); v.instance = VK_NULL_HANDLE; } return; }
+
+        vkDeviceWaitIdle(v.device);
+        v.destroy_geodesic_resources();
+        if (v.imgui_init)
+        {
+            ImGui_ImplVulkan_Shutdown();
+            ImGui_ImplGlfw_Shutdown();
+            ImGui::DestroyContext();
+            v.imgui_init = false;
+        }
+        if (v.imgui_pool) { vkDestroyDescriptorPool(v.device, v.imgui_pool, nullptr); v.imgui_pool = VK_NULL_HANDLE; }
+        for (auto s : v.render_finished) vkDestroySemaphore(v.device, s, nullptr);
+        for (auto s : v.image_available) vkDestroySemaphore(v.device, s, nullptr);
+        for (auto f : v.in_flight)       vkDestroyFence(v.device, f, nullptr);
+        v.render_finished.clear(); v.image_available.clear(); v.in_flight.clear();
+        if (v.command_pool) { vkDestroyCommandPool(v.device, v.command_pool, nullptr); v.command_pool = VK_NULL_HANDLE; }
+        v.cleanup_swapchain();
+        vkDestroyDevice(v.device, nullptr); v.device = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
+        if (v.surface)  { vkDestroySurfaceKHR(v.instance, v.surface, nullptr); v.surface = VK_NULL_HANDLE; }
+        if (v.instance) { vkDestroyInstance(v.instance, nullptr); v.instance = VK_NULL_HANDLE; }
+    }
+}