path: root/src/codegen.c

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stddef.h>
#include <stdint.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <stdbool.h>

#include "codegen.h"

static void emit_const_expr(struct Expr* expr, FILE* out)
{
	switch (expr->kind)
	{
		case EXPR_PRIMARY:
			fprintf(out, "%.*s", (int)expr->primary.token.length, expr->primary.token.start);
			break;
		case EXPR_UNARY:
			fprintf(out, "%.*s", (int)expr->unary.op.length, expr->unary.op.start);
			emit_const_expr(expr->unary.operand, out);
			break;
		case EXPR_BINARY:
			emit_const_expr(expr->binary.left, out);
			fprintf(out, " %.*s ", (int)expr->binary.op.length, expr->binary.op.start);
			emit_const_expr(expr->binary.right, out);
			break;
		default:
			break;
	}
}

static const char* assign_mnemonic(enum TokenType op)
{
	switch (op)
	{
		case TOKEN_EQUAL:      return "mov";
		case TOKEN_PLUS_EQUAL:  return "add";
		case TOKEN_MINUS_EQUAL: return "sub";
		case TOKEN_STAR_EQUAL:  return "imul";
		default:               return NULL;
	}
}

struct FloatTable
{
	struct Token* items;
	size_t count;
	size_t capacity;
};

struct Emitter
{
	struct Program* program;
	struct ProcDecl* proc;
	struct FloatTable* floats;
	FILE* out;
	uint32_t label_id;
};

static bool is_float_register(struct Token token)
{
	if (token.length < 4 || memcmp(token.start, "xmm", 3) != 0)
		return false;

	for (size_t i = 3; i < token.length; i += 1)
		if (token.start[i] < '0' || token.start[i] > '9')
			return false;

	return true;
}

static size_t float_index(const struct FloatTable* floats, struct Token literal)
{
	for (size_t i = 0; i < floats->count; i += 1)
		if (floats->items[i].length == literal.length
			&& memcmp(floats->items[i].start, literal.start, literal.length) == 0)
			return i;

	return floats->count;
}

static const char* sized_register(struct Token reg, enum StoreSize size);

static struct Token resolve_token(struct Emitter* emitter, struct Token token)
{
	if (emitter->proc == NULL)
		return token;

	for (size_t i = 0; i < emitter->proc->param_count; i += 1)
	{
		struct Param param = emitter->proc->params[i];
		if (param.name.length == token.length && memcmp(param.name.start, token.start, token.length) == 0)
			return param.reg;
	}

	return token;
}

static struct Token text_token(const char* text)
{
	struct Token token;
	token.type = TOKEN_IDENTIFIER;
	token.start = text;
	token.length = strlen(text);
	token.line = 0;
	return token;
}

// with the logical_registers extension, r1..r14 name the general-purpose
// registers; rsp/rbp and the instruction pointer keep their dedicated names.
static const char* logical_register_base(struct Token token)
{
	static const char* registers[] = {
		"rax", "rbx", "rcx", "rdx", "rsi", "rdi",
		"r8", "r9", "r10", "r11", "r12", "r13", "r14", "r15",
	};

	if (token.length < 2 || token.start[0] != 'r')
		return NULL;

	uint32_t index = 0;
	for (size_t i = 1; i < token.length; i += 1)
	{
		char digit = token.start[i];
		if (digit < '0' || digit > '9')
			return NULL;
		index = index * 10 + (uint32_t)(digit - '0');
	}

	if (index < 1 || index > sizeof(registers) / sizeof(registers[0]))
		return NULL;

	return registers[index - 1];
}

static struct Token resolve_register(struct Emitter* emitter, struct Token token)
{
	struct Token resolved = resolve_token(emitter, token);

	if (emitter->program->config.logical_registers)
	{
		const char* base = logical_register_base(resolved);
		if (base != NULL)
			return text_token(base);
	}

	return resolved;
}

static uint64_t token_to_u64(struct Token token)
{
	if (token.length > 2 && token.start[0] == '0' && (token.start[1] == 'x' || token.start[1] == 'X'))
	{
		uint64_t value = 0;
		for (size_t i = 2; i < token.length; i += 1)
		{
			char digit = token.start[i];
			uint64_t nibble = digit <= '9' ? (uint64_t)(digit - '0')
				: (uint64_t)((digit | 0x20) - 'a' + 10);
			value = value * 16 + nibble;
		}
		return value;
	}

	if (token.length > 2 && token.start[0] == '0' && (token.start[1] == 'b' || token.start[1] == 'B'))
	{
		uint64_t value = 0;
		for (size_t i = 2; i < token.length; i += 1)
			value = value * 2 + (uint64_t)(token.start[i] - '0');
		return value;
	}

	uint64_t value = 0;
	for (size_t i = 0; i < token.length; i += 1)
		value = value * 10 + (uint64_t)(token.start[i] - '0');

	return value;
}

static bool fold_const(struct Program* program, struct Expr* expr, uint64_t* out);

static bool buffer_offset(struct Emitter* emitter, struct Token name, uint64_t* out_offset)
{
	struct ProcDecl* proc = emitter->proc;
	uint64_t cumulative = 0;
	for (size_t i = 0; i < proc->body_count; i += 1)
	{
		struct Statement* statement = &proc->body[i];
		if (statement->kind != STATEMENT_STACK)
			continue;

		uint64_t size = 0;
		fold_const(emitter->program, statement->stack.size, &size);
		cumulative += size;
		if (statement->stack.name.length == name.length
			&& memcmp(statement->stack.name.start, name.start, name.length) == 0)
		{
			*out_offset = cumulative;
			return true;
		}
	}

	return false;
}

static bool is_buffer_name(struct Emitter* emitter, struct Token token)
{
	uint64_t offset;
	return emitter->proc != NULL && buffer_offset(emitter, token, &offset);
}

static enum StoreSize size_from_int(struct Token token)
{
	switch (token_to_u64(token))
	{
		case 8:  return STORE_SIZE_BYTE;
		case 16: return STORE_SIZE_WORD;
		case 32: return STORE_SIZE_DWORD;
		case 64: return STORE_SIZE_QWORD;
		default: return STORE_SIZE_NONE;
	}
}

static bool tokens_equal(struct Token a, struct Token b)
{
	return a.length == b.length && memcmp(a.start, b.start, a.length) == 0;
}

static bool token_matches(struct Token token, const char* text)
{
	size_t length = strlen(text);
	return token.length == length && memcmp(token.start, text, length) == 0;
}

static struct EnumDecl* find_enum(struct Program* program, struct Token name)
{
	for (size_t i = 0; i < program->enum_count; i += 1)
		if (tokens_equal(program->enums[i].name, name))
			return &program->enums[i];

	return NULL;
}

static struct StructDecl* find_struct(struct Program* program, struct Token name)
{
	for (size_t i = 0; i < program->struct_count; i += 1)
		if (tokens_equal(program->structs[i].name, name))
			return &program->structs[i];

	return NULL;
}

static uint64_t store_size_bytes(enum StoreSize size)
{
	switch (size)
	{
		case STORE_SIZE_BYTE:  return 1;
		case STORE_SIZE_WORD:  return 2;
		case STORE_SIZE_DWORD: return 4;
		default:               return 8;
	}
}

static uint64_t char_literal_value(struct Token token)
{
	if (token.length >= 4 && token.start[1] == '\\')
	{
		switch (token.start[2])
		{
			case 'n':  return 10;
			case 't':  return 9;
			case 'r':  return 13;
			case '0':  return 0;
			case '\\': return 92;
			case '\'': return 39;
			default:   return (unsigned char)token.start[2];
		}
	}

	return (unsigned char)token.start[1];
}

static bool fold_member(struct Program* program, struct Expr* object, struct Token member, uint64_t* out)
{
	if (object->kind != EXPR_PRIMARY)
		return false;
	struct Token name = object->primary.token;

	const struct EnumDecl* enumeration = find_enum(program, name);
	if (enumeration != NULL)
	{
		for (size_t i = 0; i < enumeration->member_count; i += 1)
			if (tokens_equal(enumeration->members[i], member))
			{
				*out = i;
				return true;
			}
		return false;
	}

	const struct StructDecl* layout = find_struct(program, name);
	if (layout != NULL)
	{
		uint64_t offset = 0;
		for (size_t i = 0; i < layout->field_count; i += 1)
		{
			if (tokens_equal(layout->fields[i].name, member))
			{
				*out = offset;
				return true;
			}
			offset += store_size_bytes(layout->fields[i].size);
		}
		if (token_matches(member, "size"))
		{
			*out = offset;
			return true;
		}
	}

	return false;
}

// evaluates a compile-time constant expression: integer/char literals, other
// constants, enum values and struct offsets, and + - * / over them
static bool fold_const(struct Program* program, struct Expr* expr, uint64_t* out)
{
	switch (expr->kind)
	{
		case EXPR_PRIMARY:
		{
			struct Token token = expr->primary.token;
			if (token.type == TOKEN_INTEGER)
			{
				*out = token_to_u64(token);
				return true;
			}
			if (token.type == TOKEN_CHAR)
			{
				*out = char_literal_value(token);
				return true;
			}
			if (token.type == TOKEN_IDENTIFIER)
				for (size_t i = 0; i < program->const_count; i += 1)
					if (tokens_equal(program->consts[i].name, token))
						return fold_const(program, program->consts[i].value, out);
			return false;
		}
		case EXPR_UNARY:
		{
			uint64_t value;
			if (!fold_const(program, expr->unary.operand, &value))
				return false;
			*out = 0 - value;
			return true;
		}
		case EXPR_BINARY:
		{
			uint64_t left;
			uint64_t right;
			if (!fold_const(program, expr->binary.left, &left)
				|| !fold_const(program, expr->binary.right, &right))
				return false;

			switch (expr->binary.op.type)
			{
				case TOKEN_PLUS:  *out = left + right; return true;
				case TOKEN_MINUS: *out = left - right; return true;
				case TOKEN_STAR:  *out = left * right; return true;
				case TOKEN_SLASH: *out = right != 0 ? left / right : 0; return true;
				default:          return false;
			}
		}
		case EXPR_MEMBER:
			return fold_member(program, expr->member.object, expr->member.member, out);
		case EXPR_DEREF:
			return false;
	}

	return false;
}

// an enum member folds to its 0-based index; a struct member folds to its byte
// offset (or the total size for `.size`)
static bool emit_named_member(struct Emitter* emitter, struct Token object, struct Token member)
{
	const struct EnumDecl* enumeration = find_enum(emitter->program, object);
	if (enumeration != NULL)
	{
		for (size_t i = 0; i < enumeration->member_count; i += 1)
			if (tokens_equal(enumeration->members[i], member))
			{
				fprintf(emitter->out, "%zu", i);
				return true;
			}
	}

	const struct StructDecl* layout = find_struct(emitter->program, object);
	if (layout != NULL)
	{
		uint64_t offset = 0;
		for (size_t i = 0; i < layout->field_count; i += 1)
		{
			if (tokens_equal(layout->fields[i].name, member))
			{
				fprintf(emitter->out, "%llu", (unsigned long long)offset);
				return true;
			}
			offset += store_size_bytes(layout->fields[i].size);
		}
		if (token_matches(member, "size"))
		{
			fprintf(emitter->out, "%llu", (unsigned long long)offset);
			return true;
		}
	}

	return false;
}

static bool emit_operand(struct Emitter* emitter, struct Expr* expr)
{
	switch (expr->kind)
	{
		case EXPR_PRIMARY:
		{
			struct Token token = resolve_register(emitter, expr->primary.token);
			fprintf(emitter->out, "%.*s", (int)token.length, token.start);
			return true;
		}
		case EXPR_MEMBER:
		{
			// a register size suffix: r1.64 -> rax, r1.8 -> al
			if (expr->member.member.type == TOKEN_INTEGER &&
				expr->member.object->kind == EXPR_PRIMARY)
			{
				enum StoreSize size = size_from_int(expr->member.member);
				struct Token base = resolve_register(emitter, expr->member.object->primary.token);
				const char* sized = sized_register(base, size);
				if (sized != NULL)
					fprintf(emitter->out, "%s", sized);
				else
					fprintf(emitter->out, "%.*s", (int)base.length, base.start);
				return true;
			}

			// enum value or struct offset
			if (expr->member.object->kind == EXPR_PRIMARY
				&& emit_named_member(emitter, expr->member.object->primary.token, expr->member.member))
				return true;

			if (!emit_operand(emitter, expr->member.object))
				return false;
			fprintf(emitter->out, ".%.*s", (int)expr->member.member.length, expr->member.member.start);
			return true;
		}
		case EXPR_UNARY:
		{
			uint64_t value;
			if (!fold_const(emitter->program, expr, &value))
				return false;
			fprintf(emitter->out, "%lld", (long long)value);
			return true;
		}
		case EXPR_BINARY:
		case EXPR_DEREF:
			return false;
	}

	return false;
}

static bool is_gp_register(struct Token token)
{
	static const char* names[] = {
		"rax", "rbx", "rcx", "rdx", "rsi", "rdi", "rbp", "rsp",
		"r8", "r9", "r10", "r11", "r12", "r13", "r14", "r15",
	};

	for (size_t i = 0; i < sizeof(names) / sizeof(names[0]); i += 1)
		if (token_matches(token, names[i]))
			return true;

	return false;
}

// idiv can divide by a general-purpose register directly, but not by rax or rdx
// (it overwrites both with the quotient and remainder) nor by an immediate (it
// has no immediate form). Those divisors are copied into r11 first — already a
// volatile register here, clobbered by syscall just like rcx.
static bool divisor_uses_scratch(struct Emitter* emitter, const struct Expr* divisor)
{
	if (divisor->kind == EXPR_PRIMARY)
	{
		struct Token reg = resolve_register(emitter, divisor->primary.token);
		if (is_gp_register(reg))
			return token_matches(reg, "rax") || token_matches(reg, "rdx");
		return true;
	}

	// enum/struct members and unary minus fold to immediates; a binary or deref
	// divisor is left to the direct path (unsupported, as before)
	return divisor->kind == EXPR_MEMBER || divisor->kind == EXPR_UNARY;
}

// idiv divides rdx:rax by its operand, leaving the quotient in rax and the
// remainder in rdx. The dividend arrives in dst; this loads it into rax, routes
// an awkward divisor through r11, and runs idiv. It clobbers rax, rdx and r11.
static void emit_idiv(struct Emitter* emitter, const char* dst, struct Expr* divisor)
{
	FILE* out = emitter->out;

	if (!divisor_uses_scratch(emitter, divisor))
	{
		if (strcmp(dst, "rax") != 0)
			fprintf(out, "\tmov rax, %s\n", dst);
		fprintf(out, "\tcqo\n\tidiv ");
		emit_operand(emitter, divisor);
		fprintf(out, "\n");
		return;
	}

	// a divisor in rax must be saved before the dividend overwrites rax
	bool divisor_in_rax = divisor->kind == EXPR_PRIMARY
		&& token_matches(resolve_register(emitter, divisor->primary.token), "rax");

	if (divisor_in_rax && strcmp(dst, "rax") != 0)
	{
		if (strcmp(dst, "r11") == 0)
			fprintf(out, "\txchg rax, r11\n");
		else
			fprintf(out, "\tmov r11, rax\n\tmov rax, %s\n", dst);
	}
	else
	{
		if (strcmp(dst, "rax") != 0)
			fprintf(out, "\tmov rax, %s\n", dst);
		fprintf(out, "\tmov r11, ");
		emit_operand(emitter, divisor);
		fprintf(out, "\n");
	}

	fprintf(out, "\tcqo\n\tidiv r11\n");
}

static void emit_division(struct Emitter* emitter, const char* dst, struct Expr* divisor)
{
	emit_idiv(emitter, dst, divisor);
	if (strcmp(dst, "rax") != 0)
		fprintf(emitter->out, "\tmov %s, rax\n", dst);
}

static void emit_modulo(struct Emitter* emitter, const char* dst, struct Expr* divisor)
{
	emit_idiv(emitter, dst, divisor);
	if (strcmp(dst, "rdx") != 0)
		fprintf(emitter->out, "\tmov %s, rdx\n", dst);
}

static void emit_divide(struct Emitter* emitter, struct AssignStatement* assign)
{
	if (assign->target_deref)
	{
		fprintf(emitter->out, "\t; TODO: unsupported division\n");
		return;
	}

	struct Token target = resolve_register(emitter, assign->target);
	char dst[32];
	snprintf(dst, sizeof(dst), "%.*s", (int)target.length, target.start);

	if (assign->op.type == TOKEN_PERCENT_EQUAL)
		emit_modulo(emitter, dst, assign->value);
	else
		emit_division(emitter, dst, assign->value);
}

// an expression can be evaluated into a register when it is a single term
// (primary or member), or a left-associative chain of binary operators whose
// right operands are plain operands (never a buffer or a nested binary)
static bool expr_supported(struct Emitter* emitter, struct Expr* expr)
{
	switch (expr->kind)
	{
		case EXPR_PRIMARY:
		case EXPR_MEMBER:
		case EXPR_DEREF:
			return true;
		case EXPR_UNARY:
		{
			uint64_t value;
			return fold_const(emitter->program, expr, &value);
		}
		case EXPR_BINARY:
			if (expr->binary.right->kind != EXPR_PRIMARY &&
				expr->binary.right->kind != EXPR_MEMBER &&
				expr->binary.right->kind != EXPR_UNARY)
				return false;
			if (expr->binary.right->kind == EXPR_UNARY)
			{
				uint64_t value;
				if (!fold_const(emitter->program, expr->binary.right, &value))
					return false;
			}
			if (expr->binary.right->kind == EXPR_PRIMARY &&
				is_buffer_name(emitter, expr->binary.right->primary.token))
				return false;
			return expr_supported(emitter, expr->binary.left);
	}

	return false;
}

// dst = [address], extending narrower loads into the full register. Unsigned
// loads zero-extend (movzx / a 32-bit mov); signed loads sign-extend (movsx,
// or movsxd for a dword).
static void emit_load(struct Emitter* emitter, const char* dst, struct DerefExpr* deref)
{
	FILE* out = emitter->out;
	if (deref->is_signed)
	{
		switch (deref->size)
		{
			case STORE_SIZE_BYTE:
				fprintf(out, "\tmovsx %s, byte [", dst);
				break;
			case STORE_SIZE_WORD:
				fprintf(out, "\tmovsx %s, word [", dst);
				break;
			case STORE_SIZE_DWORD:
				fprintf(out, "\tmovsxd %s, dword [", dst);
				break;
			default:
				fprintf(out, "\tmov %s, [", dst);
				break;
		}

		emit_operand(emitter, deref->address);
		fprintf(out, "]\n");
		return;
	}

	switch (deref->size)
	{
		case STORE_SIZE_BYTE:
			fprintf(out, "\tmovzx %s, byte [", dst);
			break;
		case STORE_SIZE_WORD:
			fprintf(out, "\tmovzx %s, word [", dst);
			break;
		case STORE_SIZE_DWORD:
		{
			const char* dword = sized_register(text_token(dst), STORE_SIZE_DWORD);
			fprintf(out, "\tmov %s, [", dword != NULL ? dword : dst);
			break;
		}
		default:
			fprintf(out, "\tmov %s, [", dst);
			break;
	}

	emit_operand(emitter, deref->address);
	fprintf(out, "]\n");
}

static void emit_expr_into(struct Emitter* emitter, const char* dst, struct Expr* expr)
{
	if (expr->kind == EXPR_DEREF)
	{
		emit_load(emitter, dst, &expr->deref);
		return;
	}

	if (expr->kind == EXPR_BINARY)
	{
		emit_expr_into(emitter, dst, expr->binary.left);

		if (expr->binary.op.type == TOKEN_SLASH)
		{
			emit_division(emitter, dst, expr->binary.right);
			return;
		}
		if (expr->binary.op.type == TOKEN_PERCENT)
		{
			emit_modulo(emitter, dst, expr->binary.right);
			return;
		}

		const char* mnemonic =
			expr->binary.op.type == TOKEN_PLUS ? "add" :
			expr->binary.op.type == TOKEN_MINUS ? "sub" : "imul";
		fprintf(emitter->out, "\t%s %s, ", mnemonic, dst);
		emit_operand(emitter, expr->binary.right);
		fprintf(emitter->out, "\n");
		return;
	}

	if (expr->kind == EXPR_PRIMARY && is_buffer_name(emitter, expr->primary.token))
	{
		uint64_t offset;
		buffer_offset(emitter, expr->primary.token, &offset);
		fprintf(emitter->out, "\tlea %s, [rbp - %llu]\n", dst, (unsigned long long)offset);
		return;
	}

	fprintf(emitter->out, "\tmov %s, ", dst);
	emit_operand(emitter, expr);
	fprintf(emitter->out, "\n");
}

static const char* store_size_keyword(enum StoreSize size)
{
	switch (size)
	{
		case STORE_SIZE_BYTE:  return "byte ";
		case STORE_SIZE_WORD:  return "word ";
		case STORE_SIZE_DWORD: return "dword ";
		case STORE_SIZE_QWORD: return "qword ";
		default:               return "";
	}
}

// maps a full 64-bit register to its byte/word/dword sub-register for a sized
// store, so `^byte rsi = rdx` writes `dl` rather than the whole register.
// returns NULL when the token is not a full register, or no resizing applies.
static const char* sized_register(struct Token reg, enum StoreSize size)
{
	if (size == STORE_SIZE_NONE || size == STORE_SIZE_QWORD)
		return NULL;

	static const struct RegisterSizes
	{
		const char* quad;
		const char* dword;
		const char* word;
		const char* byte;
	} registers[] =
	{
		{ "rax", "eax",  "ax",   "al"   },
		{ "rbx", "ebx",  "bx",   "bl"   },
		{ "rcx", "ecx",  "cx",   "cl"   },
		{ "rdx", "edx",  "dx",   "dl"   },
		{ "rsi", "esi",  "si",   "sil"  },
		{ "rdi", "edi",  "di",   "dil"  },
		{ "rbp", "ebp",  "bp",   "bpl"  },
		{ "rsp", "esp",  "sp",   "spl"  },
		{ "r8",  "r8d",  "r8w",  "r8b"  },
		{ "r9",  "r9d",  "r9w",  "r9b"  },
		{ "r10", "r10d", "r10w", "r10b" },
		{ "r11", "r11d", "r11w", "r11b" },
		{ "r12", "r12d", "r12w", "r12b" },
		{ "r13", "r13d", "r13w", "r13b" },
		{ "r14", "r14d", "r14w", "r14b" },
		{ "r15", "r15d", "r15w", "r15b" },
	};

	for (size_t i = 0; i < sizeof(registers) / sizeof(registers[0]); i += 1)
	{
		const struct RegisterSizes* entry = &registers[i];
		size_t length = strlen(entry->quad);
		if (reg.length != length || memcmp(reg.start, entry->quad, length) != 0)
			continue;

		switch (size)
		{
			case STORE_SIZE_DWORD: return entry->dword;
			case STORE_SIZE_WORD:  return entry->word;
			case STORE_SIZE_BYTE:  return entry->byte;
			default:               return NULL;
		}
	}

	return NULL;
}

static const char* float_mnemonic(enum TokenType op)
{
	switch (op)
	{
		case TOKEN_EQUAL:       return "movsd";
		case TOKEN_PLUS_EQUAL:  return "addsd";
		case TOKEN_MINUS_EQUAL: return "subsd";
		case TOKEN_STAR_EQUAL:  return "mulsd";
		case TOKEN_SLASH_EQUAL: return "divsd";
		default:                return NULL;
	}
}

static bool value_is_float(struct Emitter* emitter, const struct Expr* expr)
{
	if (expr->kind != EXPR_PRIMARY)
		return false;
	if (expr->primary.token.type == TOKEN_FLOAT)
		return true;

	return is_float_register(resolve_register(emitter, expr->primary.token));
}

// floating point: xmm moves and arithmetic, conversions to/from general-purpose
// registers, and float literals loaded from their .data slot
static bool emit_float_assign(struct Emitter* emitter, struct AssignStatement* assign,
	struct Token target, bool target_float)
{
	struct Expr* value = assign->value;

	// float store: ^ptr = xmm  ->  movsd [ptr], xmm
	if (assign->target_deref)
	{
		if (assign->op.type != TOKEN_EQUAL || value->kind != EXPR_PRIMARY)
			return false;
		struct Token source = resolve_register(emitter, value->primary.token);
		if (!is_float_register(source))
			return false;
		fprintf(emitter->out, "\tmovsd [%.*s], %.*s\n",
			(int)target.length, target.start, (int)source.length, source.start);
		return true;
	}

	// float load: xmm = ^ptr  ->  movsd xmm, [ptr]
	if (value->kind == EXPR_DEREF)
	{
		if (!target_float || assign->op.type != TOKEN_EQUAL)
			return false;
		fprintf(emitter->out, "\tmovsd %.*s, [", (int)target.length, target.start);
		emit_operand(emitter, value->deref.address);
		fprintf(emitter->out, "]\n");
		return true;
	}

	if (value->kind == EXPR_PRIMARY && value->primary.token.type == TOKEN_FLOAT)
	{
		if (!target_float || assign->op.type != TOKEN_EQUAL)
			return false;
		size_t index = float_index(emitter->floats, value->primary.token);
		fprintf(emitter->out, "\tmovsd %.*s, [__float%zu]\n",
			(int)target.length, target.start, index);
		return true;
	}

	if (value->kind != EXPR_PRIMARY)
		return false;

	struct Token source = resolve_register(emitter, value->primary.token);
	bool source_float = is_float_register(source);

	if (target_float && source_float)
	{
		const char* mnemonic = float_mnemonic(assign->op.type);
		if (mnemonic == NULL)
			return false;
		fprintf(emitter->out, "\t%s %.*s, %.*s\n", mnemonic,
			(int)target.length, target.start, (int)source.length, source.start);
		return true;
	}

	if (assign->op.type != TOKEN_EQUAL)
		return false;

	if (target_float)
		fprintf(emitter->out, "\tcvtsi2sd %.*s, %.*s\n",
			(int)target.length, target.start, (int)source.length, source.start);
	else
		fprintf(emitter->out, "\tcvttsd2si %.*s, %.*s\n",
			(int)target.length, target.start, (int)source.length, source.start);
	return true;
}

static void emit_assign(struct Emitter* emitter, struct AssignStatement* assign)
{
	struct Token float_target = resolve_register(emitter, assign->target);
	if (is_float_register(float_target) || value_is_float(emitter, assign->value))
	{
		if (!emit_float_assign(emitter, assign, float_target, is_float_register(float_target)))
			fprintf(emitter->out, "\t; TODO: unsupported float assignment\n");
		return;
	}

	if (assign->op.type == TOKEN_SLASH_EQUAL || assign->op.type == TOKEN_PERCENT_EQUAL)
	{
		emit_divide(emitter, assign);
		return;
	}

	struct Token target = resolve_register(emitter, assign->target);

	if (assign->op.type == TOKEN_EQUAL && !assign->target_deref)
	{
		if (!expr_supported(emitter, assign->value))
		{
			fprintf(emitter->out, "\t; TODO: unsupported assignment\n");
			return;
		}

		char dst[32];
		snprintf(dst, sizeof(dst), "%.*s", (int)target.length, target.start);
		emit_expr_into(emitter, dst, assign->value);
		return;
	}

	// deref store or compound assignment: needs a plain operand, not a buffer or binary
	const char* mnemonic = assign_mnemonic(assign->op.type);
	bool value_is_buffer = assign->value->kind == EXPR_PRIMARY 
		                && is_buffer_name(emitter, assign->value->primary.token);
	if (mnemonic == NULL || assign->value->kind == EXPR_BINARY
		|| assign->value->kind == EXPR_DEREF || value_is_buffer)
	{
		fprintf(emitter->out, "\t; TODO: unsupported assignment\n");
		return;
	}

	// adding or subtracting a constant zero (e.g. a struct field at offset 0) is a no-op
	uint64_t folded;
	if (!assign->target_deref
		&& (assign->op.type == TOKEN_PLUS_EQUAL || assign->op.type == TOKEN_MINUS_EQUAL)
		&& fold_const(emitter->program, assign->value, &folded) && folded == 0)
		return;

	if (assign->target_deref)
	{
		fprintf(emitter->out, "\t%s %s[%.*s], ", mnemonic,
			store_size_keyword(assign->store_size), (int)target.length, target.start);

		const char* sized = NULL;
		if (assign->value->kind == EXPR_PRIMARY)
		{
			struct Token value = resolve_register(emitter, assign->value->primary.token);
			sized = sized_register(value, assign->store_size);
			if (sized != NULL)
				fprintf(emitter->out, "%s", sized);
		}

		if (sized == NULL)
			emit_operand(emitter, assign->value);
	}
	else
	{
		fprintf(emitter->out, "\t%s %.*s, ", mnemonic, (int)target.length, target.start);
		emit_operand(emitter, assign->value);
	}

	fprintf(emitter->out, "\n");
}

static const char* jump_if_false(enum TokenType comparison)
{
	switch (comparison)
	{
		case TOKEN_EQUAL_EQUAL:   return "jne";
		case TOKEN_BANG_EQUAL:    return "je";
		case TOKEN_LESS:          return "jge";
		case TOKEN_LESS_EQUAL:    return "jg";
		case TOKEN_GREATER:       return "jle";
		case TOKEN_GREATER_EQUAL: return "jl";
		default:                  return NULL;
	}
}

static struct ProcDecl* find_proc(struct Program* program, struct Token name)
{
	for (size_t i = 0; i < program->proc_count; i += 1)
	{
		struct ProcDecl* proc = &program->procs[i];
		if (proc->name.length == name.length && memcmp(proc->name.start, name.start, name.length) == 0)
			return proc;
	}

	return NULL;
}

static void emit_call(struct Emitter* emitter, struct CallStatement* call)
{
	const struct ProcDecl* callee = find_proc(emitter->program, call->name);
	if (callee == NULL || callee->param_count != call->arg_count)
	{
		fprintf(emitter->out, "\t; TODO: unsupported call\n");
		return;
	}

	for (size_t i = 0; i < call->arg_count; i += 1)
	{
		if (call->args[i]->kind == EXPR_BINARY || call->args[i]->kind == EXPR_DEREF)
		{
			fprintf(emitter->out, "\t; TODO: unsupported call argument\n");
			continue;
		}

		struct Token reg = resolve_register(emitter, callee->params[i].reg);
		fprintf(emitter->out, "\tmov %.*s, ", (int)reg.length, reg.start);
		emit_operand(emitter, call->args[i]);
		fprintf(emitter->out, "\n");
	}

	fprintf(emitter->out, "\tcall %.*s\n", (int)call->name.length, call->name.start);
}

static void emit_statement(struct Emitter* emitter, struct Statement* statement);

static void emit_block(struct Emitter* emitter, struct Statement* body, size_t count)
{
	for (size_t i = 0; i < count; i += 1)
		emit_statement(emitter, &body[i]);
}

// ucomisd sets the flags like an unsigned compare, so float branches use the
// unsigned jump family (ja/jae/jb/jbe) rather than the signed one
static const char* float_jump_if_false(enum TokenType comparison)
{
	switch (comparison)
	{
		case TOKEN_EQUAL_EQUAL:   return "jne";
		case TOKEN_BANG_EQUAL:    return "je";
		case TOKEN_LESS:          return "jae";
		case TOKEN_LESS_EQUAL:    return "ja";
		case TOKEN_GREATER:       return "jbe";
		case TOKEN_GREATER_EQUAL: return "jb";
		default:                  return NULL;
	}
}

static void emit_float_operand(struct Emitter* emitter, const struct Expr* expr)
{
	if (expr->kind == EXPR_PRIMARY && expr->primary.token.type == TOKEN_FLOAT)
	{
		fprintf(emitter->out, "[__float%zu]", float_index(emitter->floats, expr->primary.token));
		return;
	}

	struct Token token = resolve_register(emitter, expr->primary.token);
	fprintf(emitter->out, "%.*s", (int)token.length, token.start);
}

// Emits the comparison for `left cmp right` and a jump to `target` taken when
// the condition is false, so the code that follows runs when it is true. Both
// if and while build on this. Returns false (after a TODO note) for a form that
// isn't supported yet.
static bool emit_branch_test(struct Emitter* emitter, struct Expr* left,
	struct Token comparison, struct Expr* right, const char* target)
{
	bool is_float = value_is_float(emitter, left) || value_is_float(emitter, right);

	if (is_float)
	{
		const char* jump = float_jump_if_false(comparison.type);
		bool left_reg = left->kind == EXPR_PRIMARY
			&& is_float_register(resolve_register(emitter, left->primary.token));
		if (jump == NULL || !left_reg || !value_is_float(emitter, right))
		{
			fprintf(emitter->out, "\t; TODO: unsupported condition\n");
			return false;
		}

		fprintf(emitter->out, "\tucomisd ");
		emit_float_operand(emitter, left);
		fprintf(emitter->out, ", ");
		emit_float_operand(emitter, right);
		fprintf(emitter->out, "\n\t%s %s\n", jump, target);
		return true;
	}

	const char* jump = jump_if_false(comparison.type);
	if (jump == NULL
		|| left->kind == EXPR_BINARY || left->kind == EXPR_DEREF
		|| right->kind == EXPR_BINARY || right->kind == EXPR_DEREF)
	{
		fprintf(emitter->out, "\t; TODO: unsupported condition\n");
		return false;
	}

	fprintf(emitter->out, "\tcmp ");
	emit_operand(emitter, left);
	fprintf(emitter->out, ", ");
	emit_operand(emitter, right);
	fprintf(emitter->out, "\n\t%s %s\n", jump, target);
	return true;
}

static void emit_if(struct Emitter* emitter, struct IfStatement* branch)
{
	bool has_else = branch->else_count > 0;

	uint32_t id = emitter->label_id;
	emitter->label_id += 1;

	char target[32];
	snprintf(target, sizeof(target), ".if_%s_%u", has_else ? "else" : "end", id);

	if (!emit_branch_test(emitter, branch->left, branch->comparison, branch->right, target))
		return;

	emit_block(emitter, branch->body, branch->body_count);

	if (has_else)
	{
		fprintf(emitter->out, "\tjmp .if_end_%u\n", id);
		fprintf(emitter->out, ".if_else_%u:\n", id);
		emit_block(emitter, branch->else_body, branch->else_count);
	}

	fprintf(emitter->out, ".if_end_%u:\n", id);
}

static void emit_while(struct Emitter* emitter, struct WhileStatement* loop)
{
	char top[64];
	char end[64];

	if (loop->named)
	{
		snprintf(top, sizeof(top), ".%.*s", (int)loop->name.length, loop->name.start);
		snprintf(end, sizeof(end), ".%.*s_end", (int)loop->name.length, loop->name.start);
	}
	else
	{
		uint32_t id = emitter->label_id;
		emitter->label_id += 1;
		snprintf(top, sizeof(top), ".while_%u", id);
		snprintf(end, sizeof(end), ".while_end_%u", id);
	}

	fprintf(emitter->out, "%s:\n", top);

	if (!emit_branch_test(emitter, loop->left, loop->comparison, loop->right, end))
		return;

	emit_block(emitter, loop->body, loop->body_count);

	fprintf(emitter->out, "\tjmp %s\n", top);
	fprintf(emitter->out, "%s:\n", end);
}

// renders a raw instruction's operand: registers, immediates, constants and
// members reuse emit_operand; memory (^x -> [x], with an optional size) and
// address math are handled here so operands like `^byte si` and `gdt + 2` work
static void emit_instruction_operand(struct Emitter* emitter, struct Expr* operand)
{
	switch (operand->kind)
	{
		case EXPR_DEREF:
			fprintf(emitter->out, "%s[", store_size_keyword(operand->deref.size));
			emit_instruction_operand(emitter, operand->deref.address);
			fprintf(emitter->out, "]");
			break;
		case EXPR_BINARY:
			emit_instruction_operand(emitter, operand->binary.left);
			fprintf(emitter->out, " %.*s ",
				(int)operand->binary.op.length, operand->binary.op.start);
			emit_instruction_operand(emitter, operand->binary.right);
			break;
		default:
			emit_operand(emitter, operand);
			break;
	}
}

static void emit_instruction(struct Emitter* emitter, struct InstructionStatement* insn)
{
	fprintf(emitter->out, "\t%.*s", (int)insn->mnemonic.length, insn->mnemonic.start);
	for (size_t i = 0; i < insn->operand_count; i += 1)
	{
		fprintf(emitter->out, "%s", i == 0 ? " " : ", ");
		emit_instruction_operand(emitter, insn->operands[i]);
	}
	fprintf(emitter->out, "\n");
}

static void emit_statement(struct Emitter* emitter, struct Statement* statement)
{
	FILE* out = emitter->out;
	switch (statement->kind)
	{
		case STATEMENT_ASSIGN:
			emit_assign(emitter, &statement->assign);
			break;
		case STATEMENT_LABEL:
			fprintf(out, "%.*s:\n", (int)statement->label.name.length, statement->label.name.start);
			break;
		case STATEMENT_GOTO:
			fprintf(out, "\tjmp %.*s\n", (int)statement->jump.label.length, statement->jump.label.start);
			break;
		case STATEMENT_SYSCALL:
			fprintf(out, "\tsyscall\n");
			break;
		case STATEMENT_IF:
			emit_if(emitter, &statement->branch);
			break;
		case STATEMENT_WHILE:
			emit_while(emitter, &statement->loop);
			break;
		case STATEMENT_CALL:
			emit_call(emitter, &statement->call);
			break;
		case STATEMENT_STACK:
			break;
		case STATEMENT_INSTRUCTION:
			emit_instruction(emitter, &statement->instruction);
			break;
		default:
			fprintf(out, "\t; TODO: unsupported statement\n");
			break;
	}
}

static uint64_t proc_stack_size(struct Program* program, struct ProcDecl* proc)
{
	uint64_t total = 0;
	for (size_t i = 0; i < proc->body_count; i += 1)
	{
		struct Statement* statement = &proc->body[i];
		if (statement->kind == STATEMENT_STACK)
		{
			uint64_t size = 0;
			fold_const(program, statement->stack.size, &size);
			total += size;
		}
	}

	if (total % 16 != 0)
		total += 16 - (total % 16);

	return total;
}

static void collect_float(struct FloatTable* floats, struct Token token)
{
	if (token.type != TOKEN_FLOAT || float_index(floats, token) != floats->count)
		return;

	if (floats->count == floats->capacity)
	{
		size_t capacity = floats->capacity < 8 ? 8 : floats->capacity * 2;
		floats->items = realloc(floats->items, capacity * sizeof(struct Token));
		floats->capacity = capacity;
	}

	floats->items[floats->count] = token;
	floats->count += 1;
}

static void collect_floats_expr(struct FloatTable* floats, struct Expr* expr)
{
	switch (expr->kind)
	{
		case EXPR_PRIMARY:
			collect_float(floats, expr->primary.token);
			break;
		case EXPR_UNARY:
			collect_floats_expr(floats, expr->unary.operand);
			break;
		case EXPR_BINARY:
			collect_floats_expr(floats, expr->binary.left);
			collect_floats_expr(floats, expr->binary.right);
			break;
		case EXPR_MEMBER:
			collect_floats_expr(floats, expr->member.object);
			break;
		case EXPR_DEREF:
			collect_floats_expr(floats, expr->deref.address);
			break;
	}
}

static void collect_floats_statement(struct FloatTable* floats, struct Statement* statement)
{
	switch (statement->kind)
	{
		case STATEMENT_ASSIGN:
			collect_floats_expr(floats, statement->assign.value);
			break;
		case STATEMENT_IF:
			collect_floats_expr(floats, statement->branch.left);
			collect_floats_expr(floats, statement->branch.right);
			for (size_t i = 0; i < statement->branch.body_count; i += 1)
				collect_floats_statement(floats, &statement->branch.body[i]);
			for (size_t i = 0; i < statement->branch.else_count; i += 1)
				collect_floats_statement(floats, &statement->branch.else_body[i]);
			break;
		case STATEMENT_WHILE:
			collect_floats_expr(floats, statement->loop.left);
			collect_floats_expr(floats, statement->loop.right);
			for (size_t i = 0; i < statement->loop.body_count; i += 1)
				collect_floats_statement(floats, &statement->loop.body[i]);
			break;
		case STATEMENT_CALL:
			for (size_t i = 0; i < statement->call.arg_count; i += 1)
				collect_floats_expr(floats, statement->call.args[i]);
			break;
		default:
			break;
	}
}

static struct FloatTable collect_floats(struct Program* program)
{
	struct FloatTable floats = { NULL, 0, 0 };
	for (size_t i = 0; i < program->proc_count; i += 1)
		for (size_t j = 0; j < program->procs[i].body_count; j += 1)
			collect_floats_statement(&floats, &program->procs[i].body[j]);

	return floats;
}

static void emit_proc_x86(struct Program* program, struct FloatTable* floats, struct ProcDecl* proc, bool is_entry, FILE* out)
{
	struct Emitter emitter;
	emitter.program = program;
	emitter.proc = proc;
	emitter.floats = floats;
	emitter.out = out;
	emitter.label_id = 0;

	fprintf(out, "%.*s:\n", (int)proc->name.length, proc->name.start);

	uint64_t stack_size = proc_stack_size(program, proc);
	if (stack_size > 0)
	{
		fprintf(out, "\tpush rbp\n");
		fprintf(out, "\tmov rbp, rsp\n");
		fprintf(out, "\tsub rsp, %llu\n", (unsigned long long)stack_size);
	}

	for (size_t i = 0; i < proc->body_count; i += 1)
		emit_statement(&emitter, &proc->body[i]);

	if (!is_entry)
	{
		if (stack_size > 0)
			fprintf(out, "\tleave\n");
		fprintf(out, "\tret\n");
	}
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
// AArch64 target
//
// A separate instruction selector: the register model (logical rN -> xN-1, or
// native x0.., w0.., sp, lr), 3-operand arithmetic, ldr/str memory, cmp + b.cond
// control flow and svc #0 syscalls are all its own. Shares only the arch-neutral
// helpers above (fold_const, resolve_token, the AST).
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

static bool is_a64_register(struct Token token)
{
	// logical rN (mapped to xN-1)
	if (token.length >= 2 && token.start[0] == 'r' && token.start[1] >= '0' && token.start[1] <= '9')
	{
		for (size_t i = 1; i < token.length; i += 1)
			if (token.start[i] < '0' || token.start[i] > '9')
				return false;
		return true;
	}

	// native names x0..x30 / w0..w30
	if ((token.start[0] == 'x' || token.start[0] == 'w') && token.length >= 2
		&& token.start[1] >= '0' && token.start[1] <= '9')
		return true;

	return token_matches(token, "sp") || token_matches(token, "lr")
		|| token_matches(token, "fp") || token_matches(token, "xzr")
		|| token_matches(token, "wzr");
}

static void emit_a64_reg(struct Emitter* emitter, struct Token token)
{
	struct Token r = resolve_token(emitter, token);
	if (r.length >= 2 && r.start[0] == 'r' && r.start[1] >= '0' && r.start[1] <= '9')
	{
		uint32_t index = 0;
		for (size_t i = 1; i < r.length; i += 1)
			index = index * 10 + (uint32_t)(r.start[i] - '0');
		fprintf(emitter->out, "x%u", index - 1);
		return;
	}
	fprintf(emitter->out, "%.*s", (int)r.length, r.start);
}

// an operand in register or immediate position: a register maps through, and
// anything that folds to a constant becomes an #immediate
static void emit_a64_operand(struct Emitter* emitter, struct Expr* expr)
{
	if (expr->kind == EXPR_PRIMARY && is_a64_register(resolve_token(emitter, expr->primary.token)))
	{
		emit_a64_reg(emitter, expr->primary.token);
		return;
	}

	uint64_t value;
	if (fold_const(emitter->program, expr, &value))
	{
		fprintf(emitter->out, "#%lld", (long long)value);
		return;
	}

	if (expr->kind == EXPR_PRIMARY)
		fprintf(emitter->out, "#%.*s", (int)expr->primary.token.length, expr->primary.token.start);
	else
		fprintf(emitter->out, "; TODO: unsupported operand");
}

static const char* a64_binop(enum TokenType op)
{
	switch (op)
	{
		case TOKEN_PLUS:  case TOKEN_PLUS_EQUAL:  return "add";
		case TOKEN_MINUS: case TOKEN_MINUS_EQUAL: return "sub";
		case TOKEN_STAR:  case TOKEN_STAR_EQUAL:  return "mul";
		case TOKEN_SLASH: case TOKEN_SLASH_EQUAL: return "sdiv";
		default:                                  return NULL;
	}
}

// branch taken when the comparison is false (to skip the guarded body)
static const char* a64_jump_if_false(enum TokenType comparison)
{
	switch (comparison)
	{
		case TOKEN_EQUAL_EQUAL:   return "ne";
		case TOKEN_BANG_EQUAL:    return "eq";
		case TOKEN_LESS:          return "ge";
		case TOKEN_LESS_EQUAL:    return "gt";
		case TOKEN_GREATER:       return "le";
		case TOKEN_GREATER_EQUAL: return "lt";
		default:                  return NULL;
	}
}

static void emit_a64_statement(struct Emitter* emitter, struct Statement* statement);

static void emit_a64_block(struct Emitter* emitter, struct Statement* body, size_t count)
{
	for (size_t i = 0; i < count; i += 1)
		emit_a64_statement(emitter, &body[i]);
}

static void emit_a64_assign(struct Emitter* emitter, struct AssignStatement* assign)
{
	FILE* out = emitter->out;

	// store through a pointer: ^[size] p = value
	if (assign->target_deref)
	{
		const char* store = assign->store_size == STORE_SIZE_BYTE ? "strb"
			: assign->store_size == STORE_SIZE_WORD ? "strh" : "str";
		fprintf(out, "\t%s ", store);
		emit_a64_operand(emitter, assign->value);
		fprintf(out, ", [");
		emit_a64_reg(emitter, assign->target);
		fprintf(out, "]\n");
		return;
	}

	struct Expr* value = assign->value;

	// load through a pointer: dst = ^[size] p
	if (assign->op.type == TOKEN_EQUAL && value->kind == EXPR_DEREF
		&& value->deref.address->kind == EXPR_PRIMARY)
	{
		const char* load = value->deref.size == STORE_SIZE_BYTE ? "ldrb"
			: value->deref.size == STORE_SIZE_WORD ? "ldrh" : "ldr";
		fprintf(out, "\t%s ", load);
		emit_a64_reg(emitter, assign->target);
		fprintf(out, ", [");
		emit_a64_reg(emitter, value->deref.address->primary.token);
		fprintf(out, "]\n");
		return;
	}

	// three-operand arithmetic: dst = a op b
	if (assign->op.type == TOKEN_EQUAL && value->kind == EXPR_BINARY)
	{
		const char* mnemonic = a64_binop(value->binary.op.type);
		if (mnemonic == NULL)
		{
			fprintf(out, "\t; TODO: unsupported expression\n");
			return;
		}
		fprintf(out, "\t%s ", mnemonic);
		emit_a64_reg(emitter, assign->target);
		fprintf(out, ", ");
		emit_a64_operand(emitter, value->binary.left);
		fprintf(out, ", ");
		emit_a64_operand(emitter, value->binary.right);
		fprintf(out, "\n");
		return;
	}

	// compound assignment: dst op= value  ->  op dst, dst, value
	if (assign->op.type != TOKEN_EQUAL)
	{
		const char* mnemonic = a64_binop(assign->op.type);
		if (mnemonic == NULL)
		{
			fprintf(out, "\t; TODO: unsupported assignment\n");
			return;
		}
		fprintf(out, "\t%s ", mnemonic);
		emit_a64_reg(emitter, assign->target);
		fprintf(out, ", ");
		emit_a64_reg(emitter, assign->target);
		fprintf(out, ", ");
		emit_a64_operand(emitter, value);
		fprintf(out, "\n");
		return;
	}

	// plain move: dst = <register | immediate | symbol/address>
	if (value->kind == EXPR_PRIMARY && is_a64_register(resolve_token(emitter, value->primary.token)))
	{
		fprintf(out, "\tmov ");
		emit_a64_reg(emitter, assign->target);
		fprintf(out, ", ");
		emit_a64_reg(emitter, value->primary.token);
		fprintf(out, "\n");
		return;
	}

	uint64_t folded;
	if (fold_const(emitter->program, value, &folded))
	{
		fprintf(out, "\tmov ");
		emit_a64_reg(emitter, assign->target);
		fprintf(out, ", #%lld\n", (long long)folded);
		return;
	}

	// a data label or other symbol: load its address/value through the pool
	if (value->kind == EXPR_PRIMARY)
	{
		fprintf(out, "\tldr ");
		emit_a64_reg(emitter, assign->target);
		fprintf(out, ", =%.*s\n", (int)value->primary.token.length, value->primary.token.start);
		return;
	}

	fprintf(out, "\t; TODO: unsupported assignment\n");
}

static bool emit_a64_branch_test(struct Emitter* emitter, struct Expr* left,
	struct Token comparison, struct Expr* right, const char* target)
{
	const char* cond = a64_jump_if_false(comparison.type);
	if (cond == NULL || left->kind != EXPR_PRIMARY)
	{
		fprintf(emitter->out, "\t; TODO: unsupported condition\n");
		return false;
	}

	fprintf(emitter->out, "\tcmp ");
	emit_a64_operand(emitter, left);
	fprintf(emitter->out, ", ");
	emit_a64_operand(emitter, right);
	fprintf(emitter->out, "\n\tb.%s %s\n", cond, target);
	return true;
}

static void emit_a64_if(struct Emitter* emitter, struct IfStatement* branch)
{
	bool has_else = branch->else_count > 0;
	uint32_t id = emitter->label_id;
	emitter->label_id += 1;

	char target[32];
	snprintf(target, sizeof(target), ".if_%s_%u", has_else ? "else" : "end", id);

	if (!emit_a64_branch_test(emitter, branch->left, branch->comparison, branch->right, target))
		return;

	emit_a64_block(emitter, branch->body, branch->body_count);

	if (has_else)
	{
		fprintf(emitter->out, "\tb .if_end_%u\n", id);
		fprintf(emitter->out, ".if_else_%u:\n", id);
		emit_a64_block(emitter, branch->else_body, branch->else_count);
	}

	fprintf(emitter->out, ".if_end_%u:\n", id);
}

static void emit_a64_while(struct Emitter* emitter, struct WhileStatement* loop)
{
	char top[64];
	char end[64];
	if (loop->named)
	{
		snprintf(top, sizeof(top), ".%.*s", (int)loop->name.length, loop->name.start);
		snprintf(end, sizeof(end), ".%.*s_end", (int)loop->name.length, loop->name.start);
	}
	else
	{
		uint32_t id = emitter->label_id;
		emitter->label_id += 1;
		snprintf(top, sizeof(top), ".while_%u", id);
		snprintf(end, sizeof(end), ".while_end_%u", id);
	}

	fprintf(emitter->out, "%s:\n", top);
	if (!emit_a64_branch_test(emitter, loop->left, loop->comparison, loop->right, end))
		return;
	emit_a64_block(emitter, loop->body, loop->body_count);
	fprintf(emitter->out, "\tb %s\n", top);
	fprintf(emitter->out, "%s:\n", end);
}

static void emit_a64_call(struct Emitter* emitter, struct CallStatement* call)
{
	const struct ProcDecl* callee = NULL;
	for (size_t i = 0; i < emitter->program->proc_count; i += 1)
		if (tokens_equal(emitter->program->procs[i].name, call->name))
			callee = &emitter->program->procs[i];

	if (callee != NULL)
		for (size_t i = 0; i < call->arg_count && i < callee->param_count; i += 1)
		{
			fprintf(emitter->out, "\tmov ");
			emit_a64_reg(emitter, callee->params[i].reg);
			fprintf(emitter->out, ", ");
			emit_a64_operand(emitter, call->args[i]);
			fprintf(emitter->out, "\n");
		}

	fprintf(emitter->out, "\tbl %.*s\n", (int)call->name.length, call->name.start);
}

static void emit_a64_instruction(struct Emitter* emitter, struct InstructionStatement* insn)
{
	fprintf(emitter->out, "\t%.*s", (int)insn->mnemonic.length, insn->mnemonic.start);
	for (size_t i = 0; i < insn->operand_count; i += 1)
	{
		struct Expr* operand = insn->operands[i];
		fprintf(emitter->out, "%s", i == 0 ? " " : ", ");
		if (operand->kind == EXPR_DEREF && operand->deref.address->kind == EXPR_PRIMARY)
		{
			fprintf(emitter->out, "[");
			emit_a64_reg(emitter, operand->deref.address->primary.token);
			fprintf(emitter->out, "]");
		}
		else
		{
			emit_a64_operand(emitter, operand);
		}
	}
	fprintf(emitter->out, "\n");
}

static void emit_a64_statement(struct Emitter* emitter, struct Statement* statement)
{
	FILE* out = emitter->out;
	switch (statement->kind)
	{
		case STATEMENT_ASSIGN:
			emit_a64_assign(emitter, &statement->assign);
			break;
		case STATEMENT_LABEL:
			fprintf(out, "%.*s:\n", (int)statement->label.name.length, statement->label.name.start);
			break;
		case STATEMENT_GOTO:
			fprintf(out, "\tb %.*s\n", (int)statement->jump.label.length, statement->jump.label.start);
			break;
		case STATEMENT_SYSCALL:
			fprintf(out, "\tsvc #0\n");
			break;
		case STATEMENT_IF:
			emit_a64_if(emitter, &statement->branch);
			break;
		case STATEMENT_WHILE:
			emit_a64_while(emitter, &statement->loop);
			break;
		case STATEMENT_CALL:
			emit_a64_call(emitter, &statement->call);
			break;
		case STATEMENT_STACK:
			fprintf(out, "\t; TODO: stack buffers not yet supported on aarch64\n");
			break;
		case STATEMENT_INSTRUCTION:
			emit_a64_instruction(emitter, &statement->instruction);
			break;
	}
}

static void emit_proc_aarch64(struct Program* program, struct FloatTable* floats, struct ProcDecl* proc, bool is_entry, FILE* out)
{
	struct Emitter emitter;
	emitter.program = program;
	emitter.proc = proc;
	emitter.floats = floats;
	emitter.out = out;
	emitter.label_id = 0;

	fprintf(out, "%.*s:\n", (int)proc->name.length, proc->name.start);

	for (size_t i = 0; i < proc->body_count; i += 1)
		emit_a64_statement(&emitter, &proc->body[i]);

	if (!is_entry)
		fprintf(out, "\tret\n");
}

// Instruction selection lives behind the Arch seam: turning a procedure's
// statements into a target's instructions (register model, mnemonics, stack
// frames) is all an architecture decides. The Backend below is the orthogonal
// axis — the assembler *syntax* (framing, data, labels) for a given arch.
struct Arch
{
	void (*emit_proc)(struct Program* program, struct FloatTable* floats,
		struct ProcDecl* proc, bool is_entry, FILE* out);
};

static const struct Arch x86_arch = {
	emit_proc_x86,
};

static const struct Arch aarch64_arch = {
	emit_proc_aarch64,
};

struct Backend
{
	void (*prologue)(const struct Program* program, FILE* out);
	void (*constant)(struct ConstDecl decl, FILE* out);
	void (*data_section)(FILE* out);
	void (*string_data)(struct DataDecl decl, FILE* out);
	void (*float_slot)(size_t index, struct Token literal, FILE* out);
	void (*text_section)(FILE* out);
	void (*global)(struct Token name, FILE* out);
	void (*boot_signature)(FILE* out);
};

static void nasm_prologue(const struct Program* program, FILE* out)
{
	struct Config config = program->config;
	fprintf(out, "bits %u\n", config.bits);
	if (config.has_org)
		fprintf(out, "org %.*s\n", (int)config.org.length, config.org.start);
}

static void nasm_constant(struct ConstDecl decl, FILE* out)
{
	fprintf(out, "%%define %.*s (", (int)decl.name.length, decl.name.start);
	emit_const_expr(decl.value, out);
	fprintf(out, ")\n");
}

static void nasm_data_section(FILE* out)
{
	fprintf(out, "section .data\n");
}

static void nasm_string_data(struct DataDecl decl, FILE* out)
{
	// the value lexeme keeps its quotes; NASM backtick strings interpret the
	// same escapes, so re-wrap the inner content
	fprintf(out, "%.*s: db `%.*s`\n",
		(int)decl.name.length, decl.name.start,
		(int)(decl.value.length - 2), decl.value.start + 1);
	fprintf(out, ".len equ $ - %.*s\n", (int)decl.name.length, decl.name.start);
}

static void nasm_float_slot(size_t index, struct Token literal, FILE* out)
{
	fprintf(out, "__float%zu: dq %.*s\n", index, (int)literal.length, literal.start);
}

static void nasm_text_section(FILE* out)
{
	fprintf(out, "section .text\n");
}

static void nasm_global(struct Token name, FILE* out)
{
	fprintf(out, "global %.*s\n", (int)name.length, name.start);
}

// pad to 510 bytes and append the 0x55AA boot signature (little-endian dw)
static void nasm_boot_signature(FILE* out)
{
	fprintf(out, "times 510-($-$$) db 0\n");
	fprintf(out, "dw 0xAA55\n");
}

static const struct Backend nasm_backend = {
	nasm_prologue,
	nasm_constant,
	nasm_data_section,
	nasm_string_data,
	nasm_float_slot,
	nasm_text_section,
	nasm_global,
	nasm_boot_signature,
};

static void fasm_prologue(const struct Program* program, FILE* out)
{
	struct Config config = program->config;
	if (config.format == OUTPUT_BIN)
	{
		fprintf(out, "format binary\n");
		if (config.has_org)
			fprintf(out, "org %.*s\n", (int)config.org.length, config.org.start);
		fprintf(out, "use%u\n", config.bits);
	}
	else
	{
		fprintf(out, "format ELF%s\n", config.bits == 64 ? "64" : "");
	}
}

static void fasm_constant(struct ConstDecl decl, FILE* out)
{
	fprintf(out, "%.*s = ", (int)decl.name.length, decl.name.start);
	emit_const_expr(decl.value, out);
	fprintf(out, "\n");
}

static void fasm_data_section(FILE* out)
{
	fprintf(out, "section '.data' writeable\n");
}

// fasm string literals are taken verbatim, so the escapes NASM would interpret
// are expanded here into the byte values fasm expects (db "run", 10, "run").
static void fasm_string_data(struct DataDecl decl, FILE* out)
{
	fprintf(out, "%.*s db ", (int)decl.name.length, decl.name.start);

	const char* text = decl.value.start + 1;
	size_t length = decl.value.length - 2;
	bool in_quotes = false;
	bool first = true;

	for (size_t i = 0; i < length; i += 1)
	{
		unsigned char byte = (unsigned char)text[i];
		if (byte == '\\' && i + 1 < length)
		{
			i += 1;
			switch (text[i])
			{
				case 'n':  byte = '\n'; break;
				case 't':  byte = '\t'; break;
				case 'r':  byte = '\r'; break;
				case '0':  byte = '\0'; break;
				case 'a':  byte = '\a'; break;
				case 'b':  byte = '\b'; break;
				case 'f':  byte = '\f'; break;
				case 'v':  byte = '\v'; break;
				case 'e':  byte = 27;   break;
				default:   byte = (unsigned char)text[i]; break;
			}

			if (in_quotes)
			{
				fprintf(out, "\"");
				in_quotes = false;
			}
			fprintf(out, "%s%u", first ? "" : ", ", byte);
			first = false;
			continue;
		}

		if (!in_quotes)
		{
			fprintf(out, "%s\"", first ? "" : ", ");
			in_quotes = true;
			first = false;
		}
		fprintf(out, "%c", byte);
	}

	if (in_quotes)
		fprintf(out, "\"");
	if (first)
		fprintf(out, "\"\"");
	fprintf(out, "\n");

	fprintf(out, ".len = $ - %.*s\n", (int)decl.name.length, decl.name.start);
}

static void fasm_float_slot(size_t index, struct Token literal, FILE* out)
{
	fprintf(out, "__float%zu dq %.*s\n", index, (int)literal.length, literal.start);
}

static void fasm_text_section(FILE* out)
{
	fprintf(out, "section '.text' executable\n");
}

static void fasm_global(struct Token name, FILE* out)
{
	fprintf(out, "public %.*s\n", (int)name.length, name.start);
}

static void fasm_boot_signature(FILE* out)
{
	fprintf(out, "db (510 - ($ - $$)) dup (0)\n");
	fprintf(out, "dw 0xAA55\n");
}

static const struct Backend fasm_backend = {
	fasm_prologue,
	fasm_constant,
	fasm_data_section,
	fasm_string_data,
	fasm_float_slot,
	fasm_text_section,
	fasm_global,
	fasm_boot_signature,
};

// GNU as (the assembler for the ARM targets): different directives from the
// Intel-syntax assemblers, but the same framing shape.
static void gas_prologue(const struct Program* program, FILE* out)
{
	(void)program;
	fprintf(out, ".arch armv8-a\n");
}

static void gas_constant(struct ConstDecl decl, FILE* out)
{
	fprintf(out, ".equ %.*s, ", (int)decl.name.length, decl.name.start);
	emit_const_expr(decl.value, out);
	fprintf(out, "\n");
}

static void gas_data_section(FILE* out)
{
	fprintf(out, ".data\n");
}

static void gas_string_data(struct DataDecl decl, FILE* out)
{
	// GNU as .ascii interprets the same C escapes NASM's backtick strings do,
	// so the inner content passes through unchanged (no trailing NUL, matching)
	fprintf(out, "%.*s: .ascii \"%.*s\"\n",
		(int)decl.name.length, decl.name.start,
		(int)(decl.value.length - 2), decl.value.start + 1);
	fprintf(out, ".equ %.*s.len, . - %.*s\n",
		(int)decl.name.length, decl.name.start,
		(int)decl.name.length, decl.name.start);
}

static void gas_float_slot(size_t index, struct Token literal, FILE* out)
{
	fprintf(out, "__float%zu: .double %.*s\n", index, (int)literal.length, literal.start);
}

static void gas_text_section(FILE* out)
{
	fprintf(out, ".text\n");
}

static void gas_global(struct Token name, FILE* out)
{
	fprintf(out, ".global %.*s\n", (int)name.length, name.start);
}

static void gas_boot_signature(FILE* out)
{
	// boot sectors are an x86/BIOS concept; not meaningful for the ARM targets
	(void)out;
}

static const struct Backend gas_backend = {
	gas_prologue,
	gas_constant,
	gas_data_section,
	gas_string_data,
	gas_float_slot,
	gas_text_section,
	gas_global,
	gas_boot_signature,
};

// the entry procedure drops its trailing `ret`. It is the [entry: NAME] proc if
// given; otherwise a flat binary starts at its first proc.
static bool proc_is_entry(struct Program* program, size_t index)
{
	struct Config config = program->config;
	struct ProcDecl* proc = &program->procs[index];

	if (config.has_entry)
		return proc->name.length == config.entry.length
			&& memcmp(proc->name.start, config.entry.start, proc->name.length) == 0;

	return config.format == OUTPUT_BIN && index == 0;
}

static void emit_data_block(struct Program* program, struct FloatTable* floats,
	const struct Backend* backend, FILE* out)
{
	for (size_t i = 0; i < program->data_count; i += 1)
		backend->string_data(program->data_decls[i], out);
	for (size_t i = 0; i < floats->count; i += 1)
		backend->float_slot(i, floats->items[i], out);
}

static void generate(struct Program* program, FILE* out, const struct Arch* arch, const struct Backend* backend)
{
	struct FloatTable floats = collect_floats(program);

	backend->prologue(program, out);
	fprintf(out, "\n");

	if (program->const_count > 0)
	{
		for (size_t i = 0; i < program->const_count; i += 1)
			backend->constant(program->consts[i], out);
		fprintf(out, "\n");
	}

	if (program->config.format == OUTPUT_BIN)
	{
		// a flat binary executes from its origin, so code comes first, then data
		for (size_t i = 0; i < program->proc_count; i += 1)
		{
			if (i > 0)
				fprintf(out, "\n");
			arch->emit_proc(program, &floats, &program->procs[i], proc_is_entry(program, i), out);
		}

		if (program->data_count > 0 || floats.count > 0)
		{
			fprintf(out, "\n");
			emit_data_block(program, &floats, backend, out);
		}

		if (program->config.boot)
		{
			fprintf(out, "\n");
			backend->boot_signature(out);
		}
	}
	else
	{
		backend->data_section(out);
		emit_data_block(program, &floats, backend, out);
		fprintf(out, "\n");

		backend->text_section(out);
		if (program->config.has_entry)
			backend->global(program->config.entry, out);

		for (size_t i = 0; i < program->proc_count; i += 1)
		{
			fprintf(out, "\n");
			arch->emit_proc(program, &floats, &program->procs[i], proc_is_entry(program, i), out);
		}
	}

	free(floats.items);
}

void generate_nasm(struct Program* program, FILE* out)
{
	generate(program, out, &x86_arch, &nasm_backend);
}

void generate_fasm(struct Program* program, FILE* out)
{
	generate(program, out, &x86_arch, &fasm_backend);
}

void generate_aarch64(struct Program* program, FILE* out)
{
	generate(program, out, &aarch64_arch, &gas_backend);
}